Oskar.jpg

Oskar Karcz

Welcome back! Seriously, welcome back, because we’re diving into the world of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) once again. But this time, we’re looking at it from a fresh angle: the Stellar blockchain perspective.

I must admit, I was surprised by how beautifully this blockchain already supports ZKP - and their plans for the future are even more ambitious. So, if the clickbait title piqued your curiosity about what connects the God of the Sea (Poseidon) to medical imaging (X-ray), stay with me until the end. Grab a coffee, and let's explore elliptic curves, hash functions, and the magic of host functions.

## ZKP and Stellar: A Match Made in Heaven

I’ve already written a few articles about ZKP (like [ZKP Overview Part 2](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-2/) or [ZKP Overview Part 3](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-3/)), so before we dive in, please check those out to make sure you’re familiar with the basics. Or, you can ask your Agentic AI (oh look, [I wrote about that too!](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/agentic-ai/)) to explain keywords like circuits, Circom language, and proof generation/verification.

Let’s learn more about Stellar. They introduce themselves as  _“an open-source blockchain used for a variety of payment and remittance applications.”_ It’s a wide net, but the most interesting Stellar feature for us right now is how it supports ZKP, and how we can write smart contracts that utilize this facet. The Stellar network has a smart contract platform called Soroban. Smart contracts here are written in Rust and compiled to WebAssembly (Wasm) for deployment ([source](https://developers.stellar.org/docs/build/smart-contracts/overview)). That’s enough for us to know at the moment, but if you’re interested in getting your hands dirty with Soroban, check out the [Getting started guide](https://developers.stellar.org/docs/build/smart-contracts/getting-started).

Not so long ago, in 2024, Stellar took a quantum leap toward adopting advanced ZKP systems by [adding support for the **BLS12-381 elliptic curve**](https://github.com/stellar/rs-soroban-env/issues/779). But what exactly do I mean by “adding support”? To understand this, let’s take a quick detour into the world of host functions.

## Host Functions: The Captain and the Nav-Computer

Let’s use a space-themed analogy (we are talking about Stellar, after all). Imagine your smart contract is the Captain of a starship. If the Captain needs to open a sliding door or turn on the lights (simple smart contract logic), they do it easily. It consumes almost no energy. But imagine the Captain needs to calculate a hyper-jump trajectory through a moving asteroid field (that’s the heavy ZKP math). If the Captain tried to calculate this by hand using a pencil and paper on the bridge, it would take weeks, burn through all the ship's life support reserves (gas fees), and the ship would likely crash before the answer was found.

A host function is like using the ship’s dedicated Nav-Computer. The Captain doesn't do the math manually; they just punch in the destination and hit "Calculate." The ship’s mainframe (the Stellar nodes) runs the complex physics equations instantly using highly optimized hardware circuits. The Captain still decides where to go (the logic), but the heavy lifting is offloaded to the machine built specifically for speed. In technical terms, the "Nav-Computer" is the pre-compiled, native machine code running on the node, which is infinitely faster than the "Captain" trying to run math inside the constrained Wasm environment. Generally speaking, every blockchain has its own unique set of host functions (often called "precompiles," "syscalls," or "native programs"). Think of them like the operating system APIs for that specific blockchain.

### BLS12-381…

So, back to the main topic: "adding support" meant adding host functions for BLS12-381 and its underlying field arithmetics. In simple terms: "Now you can play around with ZKP on Stellar!" Wooooow, isn’t that awesome? But if you opened the GitHub issue link I shared earlier ([this one,](https://github.com/stellar/rs-soroban-env/issues/779) cheers if you did!), you might have read: “The most widely used pairing friendly curve is BN254 (...) due to the fact that Ethereum has support for it.” Wait. What is BN254? Why was BLS12-381 chosen first? AND WHY DO THESE NAMES LOOK SO RANDOM? Let’s take another detour to talk about elliptic curves.

### … and BN254

At their core, elliptic curves are specific mathematical structures, essentially complex algebra equations graphed as curves, that allow computers to perform cryptographic tasks like signing transactions or verifying proofs extremely efficiently. The names BN254 and BLS12-381 might look random, but they are scientific labels: "BN" and "BLS" stand for the researchers who discovered the curve families (Barreto-Naehrig and Barreto-Lynn-Scott), while the numbers describe precise parameters like the size of the prime numbers used to build them.

Think of these two curves as incompatible types of mathematical railroad tracks designed for the heavy lifting of Zero-Knowledge proofs.

*   **BN254** (aka \`alt\_bn128\`) acts like a "legacy" high-speed rail line from around 2015. It was adopted early by Ethereum, making it the standard track for thousands of existing applications because it is lightweight and cheap to run. However, later research found its security walls (about 100-bit) to be slightly thinner than originally intended.
*   **BLS12-381** is the modern, heavy-duty freight line designed for long-term safety. It offers the gold-standard 128-bit security preferred by newer networks like Zcash and Ethereum 2.0. This extra armor means its keys are larger and its operations require slightly more computational power.

Because a proof written for one curve is mathematically unreadable by the other, Stellar's decision to support both is like building a station that can service both the older, widespread commuter trains and the newer, heavy-armored security transports. This ensures developers don't have to rebuild their entire fleet just to switch networks.

## X-RAY: The Protocol Upgrade That Changes Everything

So, did Stellar make the right decision by implementing BLS12-381 first and not BN254? Yes and no. Yes, for the security reasons I mentioned above. No, because right now (Jan 2026), implementing support for BN254 is… actively in progress! But why? As explained in [_CAP-0074: Host functions for BN254_](https://github.com/stellar/stellar-protocol/blob/master/core/cap-0074.md) (CAP stands for Core Advancement Proposals): _“While Stellar has native support for BLS12-381, many existing applications still rely on BN254 because it's the only pairing-friendly elliptic curve with native support in the EVM. Adding BN254 support will allow those applications to add support for Soroban without the need to use a different curve.”_

Without native Soroban support for BN-254, developers building ZK apps on Stellar would have to either rewrite their applications or maintain complex workarounds. Supporting both gives developers the flexibility to choose the curve that best suits their goals. In Nov 2025, the Stellar Team announced an upcoming protocol upgrade called X-Ray. This upgrade proposes native support not only for BN254 but also for another important ZK primitive: Poseidon!

## Poseidon: The Hash Function Built for Zero-Knowledge

Poseidon is a family of hash functions designed specifically for ZKP systems. As the article states: _“While BN254 provides the pairing operations for proof verification, you also need an efficient cryptographic hash, which is where Poseidon comes in. (...) These primitives let developers design hash functions that are highly efficient in ZK circuits, addressing a key performance bottleneck in ZK systems.”_

Traditional hashes like SHA-256 are computationally expensive to model within proofs. Poseidon is like a sports car built specifically for the ZK racetrack. And again, adding support for it means adding a host function to Soroban. This was introduced in [CAP-0075: Cryptographic Primitives for Poseidon/Poseidon2 Hash Functions.](https://github.com/stellar/stellar-protocol/blob/master/core/cap-0075.md)

## Why This Matters?

This perfect duo, **CAP-0074** and **CAP-0075,** establishes the rock-solid cryptographic foundation developers have been waiting for. It allows us to build privacy-preserving applications on Stellar without compromising the transparency that makes blockchain so powerful.

So, what does this actually unlock for us? (Glad you asked!):

*   **Smooth Sailing:** Migrating existing ZK apps becomes a walk in the park.
*   **Turbo Efficiency:** Proof systems become faster, leaner, and more powerful.
*   **Wallet-Friendly:** We’re talking significantly lower costs for ZK-based contracts.
*   **The Big Bridge:** It opens a massive gateway to the broader ZK ecosystem, inviting everyone to the party.

I hope this (zero-) knowledge unlocks your curiosity and willingness to give Stellar a try with your new ZKP project. I’ve already tried it and can’t wait to see both CAPs live on mainnet! In the meantime, stay tuned, and as always, [reach out to us if you have any questions.](mailto:hello@rumblefish.dev) See you next time!

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An exploration of Stellar's zero-knowledge proof capabilities, explaining how the X-Ray protocol upgrade adds support for BN254 elliptic curves and Poseidon hash functions to enhance ZKP development on the Stellar blockchain.

This article explores how the Stellar blockchain supports Zero-Knowledge Proofs through its Soroban smart contract platform, focusing on the implementation of two elliptic curves: BLS12-381 (already supported for high security) and BN254 (coming soon for Ethereum compatibility). The upcoming X-Ray protocol upgrade will add native support for BN254 and Poseidon hash functions, which are specifically optimized for ZKP systems and significantly more efficient than traditional hash functions like SHA-256. Together, these additions will make Stellar a powerful platform for privacy-preserving applications by lowering costs, improving performance, and enabling seamless migration of existing ZK applications from other blockchains.

What Connects Poseidon to X-Ray: A Deep Dive into ZKP on Stellar

Lately, we've been discovering all the different flavors of blockchain technology - from the nitty-gritty of XRP Hooks to the complex machinery of Solana's indexers. But this time, let’s switch gears a little bit to explore another amazing and rapidly growing universe: AI. We’ve moved from simply chatting with AI to watching it write code, debug errors, and even browse the web. But are we really maximizing this potential? Is typing into a prompt box really the peak of evolution? I don't think so! Today, we’re going to step into the next frontier: Agentic AI. If you’ve ever felt like your favorite chatbot is brilliant but lazy, waiting for you to do all the copy-pasting, this article is for you. So, grab a massive cup of coffee, find a comfy spot to read, and let’s dive into the world of autonomous agents!

## The Name’s AI. Agentic AI.

Let’s be honest. "Agentic AI" sounds a bit like a buzzword salad, doesn't it? But stick with me. To understand what this actually is, we need to leave the boring server room and head to the movies. Think of a standard LLM (like GPT-4 or Claude) as “M” from the James Bond movies. M is incredibly smart, has access to all the intelligence files, and sits safely in an office in London. M can tell you what to do, analyze the situation, and give you a strategy. But M doesn’t leave the desk. M can’t drive the Aston Martin, and M certainly can’t defuse the bomb.

In the tech world, Agentic AI is an artificial intelligence system that acts just like 007. It has the same intelligence as M (the LLM brain), but it also has a License to Kill (Tasks). It’s not just generating text; it’s taking action in the real world (or at least, the digital world). It has permission to use "gadgets" (tools), make decisions on the fly, and execute missions without phoning home for every single step.

### The 00-Section: A Team of Agents

OK, so Agentic AI is an artificial intelligence system that can accomplish a specific goal with limited supervision. But you know what the cool thing is? Agentic AI isn't just a lone wolf running wild. Often, it’s not just one Bond, but a whole squad of 00-specialists. In a multi-agent system, you have individual agents - machine learning models that mimic human decision-making - where each one performs a specific subtask required to reach the goal. Think of it like a heist movie: one agent is the driver, another is the hacker, and another is the safe-cracker. Their efforts are coordinated through **AI orchestration** to solve problems in real-time.

## GenAI vs. Agentic AI: The Lab vs. The Field

_"But wait a sec,"_ I can hear you asking, _"isn't this just ChatGPT with a fancy new marketing name?"_ Excellent question! But the answer is a resounding no. Let’s distinguish the two. Think of traditional Generative AI (GenAI) as Q’s laboratory. It’s fantastic at creating things based on learned patterns. It can manufacture a gadget, write a dossier, or generate a code snippet. It focuses on outputting content. Agentic AI, on the other hand, is the agent taking that gear into the field to do stuff. It extends the capability of GenAI by applying those outputs toward specific goals.

*   **GenAI:** Can tell you the best time to climb Mt. Everest based on your work schedule.
*   **Agentic AI:** Will look at your schedule, access a travel API, book your flight to Nepal, reserve a hotel room, and maybe even order you a pair of thermal socks.

See the difference? **One chats, the other acts.** Unlike traditional models that operate within predefined constraints and wait for you to click "enter," Agentic AI exhibits goal-driven behavior. It looks at the objective, figures out the steps, and executes them by calling external tools. So, why is this the new hotness? Because we are moving from the era of "Chatbots" to the era of "Actionbots".

*   **Autonomy:** They don't need you to babysit them.
*   **Adaptability:** If the flight to Nepal is cancelled, a good agentic system figures out an alternative route rather than just throwing an error message.
*   **Orchestration:** You can chain complex workflows together that used to require a human project manager.

It’s about to get very interesting for developers who want to build systems that don't just think but actually work.

## The Double-Edged Sword

Unfortunately, real life isn’t quite like the movies. We aren't yet in that luxurious position where we can just sit back, relax, and watch our agents handle everything for us. Giving an AI a "License to Act" comes with risks. If 007 goes rogue, buildings explode. If your Agentic AI gets stuck in an infinite loop while using a paid API... well, your credit card bill explodes. Threats?

*   _**Infinite Loops:**_ The agent keeps trying to solve a problem it can't solve, burning tokens like there's no tomorrow.
*   _**Hallucinations in Logic:**_ The agent _thinks_ it saved the file, but it actually just wrote a print statement saying it did.

This is why "Human-in-the-loop" is still a massive concept in this space. Sometimes, even Bond needs to call M for authorization before launching the missile.

## Mission Debrief

That’s it! We’ve taken a journey from the passive desk-job LLMs to the action-packed world of Agentic AI. We’ve seen how giving models "gadgets" and a "reasoning loop" turns them into autonomous operators capable of complex workflows. The technology is still young, and the frameworks (like LangChain or CrewAI) are evolving faster than a car chase scene. But the potential? Limitless.

If you are curious about how to implement these agents in your own stack, or how to orchestrate a fleet of them to handle complex logic (maybe even on-chain?), keep your eyes peeled for our next updates. As always, feel free to jump into our repositories or [reach out to the team](mailto:hello@rumblefish.dev) if you have any questions. Until next time, keep your code clean and your agents licensed!

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A guide to agentic AI systems that can autonomously perform tasks, make decisions, and interact with tools to achieve complex goals beyond simple question-answering.

Lately, we've been discovering all the different flavors of blockchain technology - from the nitty-gritty of XRP Hooks to the complex machinery of Solana's indexers. But this time, let’s switch gears a little bit to explore another amazing and rapidly growing universe: AI. We’ve moved from simply chatting with AI to watching it write code, debug errors, and even browse the web. But are we really maximizing this potential? Is typing into a prompt box really the peak of evolution? I don't think so! Today, we’re going to step into the next frontier: Agentic AI.

Agentic AI: Your Code’s License to Kill (Tasks)

I guess we all know someone who never remembers anniversaries, birthdays, or any important dates. I have to honestly admit that I am that person, which is why I rely on calendars and notes apps to keep everything organized, set reminders, and quickly find whatever information I need.   
Now, let’s put that simple solution to my issue into a blockchain context. A blockchain is a public, distributed ledger in which data is linked together using cryptographic hashes. You might imagine it as one giant list of dates and records, like storing your whole family’s birthdays in one place. The problem is, it doesn’t give you a straightforward way to ask, e.g., for only the birthdays happening this month.  
That’s the fundamental misunderstanding people have about blockchains.

## The Misconception: “Blockchain = Queryable Database”

Imagine you’re running a company and want to give birthday bonuses to employees who’ve been with you for over 5 years, but only if their birthday falls this month. On a blockchain, it’s easy to prove something basic, like:  
_“I employ Alice, Bob, and John.”_  
But asking a more practical question is a whole different story:  
_“Show me all employees with over 5 years of tenure whose birthdays are this month.”_  
And here’s the catch: many people assume blockchains behave like normal searchable databases. They don’t. A blockchain is an append-only log, fantastic for storing and verifying transactions, terrible for querying them. Nodes return raw bytes and unindexed logs. Even simple questions may require scanning through thousands of transactions manually.  
**That’s why we need indexers.**  
Indexers turn low-level, unstructured data into clean, queryable information so applications can answer questions in milliseconds instead of minutes.

## Indexers

Every blockchain works differently, so there’s no universal, magical solution for indexing data. Even within a single ecosystem, like Solana, multiple approaches exist, each with unique trade-offs.  
So let's stay here for a moment and take Solana as an example and a case study. Why? Because Solana processes thousands of transactions per second (TPS) (btw if you’re interested in how many exactly, [take a look here](https://chainspect.app/chain/solana)), and each one hides meaning inside opaque instruction bytes that every program decodes differently: SPL Token, Metaplex, various DEXes, custom programs, you name it.  
What you want to extract also varies depending on your use case:

*   real-time alerts
*   deep historical analytics
*   simple token tracking

Each of these demands a different strategy. This is why we don’t have a single "one tool to rule them all." There’s a natural trade-off triangle between:

*   speed to market
*   depth of customization
*   operational complexity

No tool maximizes all three, so the ecosystem evolved into a toolbox of specialized indexers tailored for different jobs. 

### Indexers Overview

Below is a synthesized comparison of the most widely used Solana indexing solutions.

| Solution | Type | Best For | Complexity | Cost Model | Latency | Solana Maturity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Helius | Managed API | Fast MVPs, common use cases | **⭐** Low | Usage-based | Low (200-500ms) | **⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐** Excellent |
| Subsquid | Hybrid framework | Custom programs, analytics | **⭐⭐** Medium | Infra + compute | Medium (1-3s) | **⭐⭐⭐** Good |
| Substreams | Parallel ETL | High-throughput backfill | **⭐⭐⭐** High | Infra + Firehose | Low/Medium (1-2s) | **⭐⭐** Emerging |
| Geyser Plugin | Custom streaming | Ultra-low latency, full control | **⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐** Very high | Node + infra | Very low (\<100ms) | **⭐⭐⭐⭐** Mature |

#### Quick Overview of Each

**Managed APIs (Helius)**  
Plug-and-play indexing for tokens, NFTs, and wallets - with zero DevOps. Perfect for teams that need to ship fast. The trade-off: limited customization and vendor lock-in.  
**Hybrid Frameworks (Subsquid)**  
A middle-ground solution. You write custom decoding logic in TypeScript, backed by decentralized archives and GraphQL APIs. Great for analytics without heavy infra work.  
**Parallel ETL Pipelines (Substreams)**  
The high-horsepower option. Rust WASM modules process historical data in parallel, enabling massive backfills at extreme speed. Requires Rust skill and Firehose infra.  
**Custom Streaming (Geyser Plugins)**  
Ultra-low latency, full control. You tap directly into a validator to stream account updates in under 100ms. Ideal for stuff like HFT or compliance systems, but you must run full nodes and streaming infra like Kafka.

## Case Study: Substreams

Imagine trying to understand everything happening on Solana. It’s like standing in front of a conveyor belt that never stops - boxes flying past, most of them are irrelevant, and you’re looking for just the one. The beauty of Substreams is that it transforms this chaos into clean, structured data using sinks. As [the docs say,](https://docs.substreams.dev/how-to-guides/sinks) _Sinks are integrations that allow you to send the extracted data to different destinations, such as a SQL database or a file._   
Let’s say you want your results in a JSON file. Here’s how Substreams turns a torrent of data into a tidy output.json.

![4.jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/4_ada265ac69.jpg)

### Substreams: A Step-by-Step Walkthrough

**1\. Solana Blockchain - The Raw Stream**  
Every ~400ms, Solana produces a block filled with everything: votes, transfers, swaps, and random program calls. No order, no filtering.

**2\. Firehose - Capture Everything First**  
Firehose nodes collect all chain data; it’s like downloading the entire chat history, not just unread messages.

**3\. Substreams Loads Your Config**  
Your substreams.yaml (the Substreams manifest) tells the engine exactly which modules to run and how data should flow. For example, by enabling _solana:blocks\_without\_votes,_ you instantly strip away a massive amount of “background noise” before your code even sees the data.  
In simple terms, the manifest is a YAML configuration file that defines your Substreams pipeline: what goes in, which modules process it, and what comes out. It can, for instance, take a raw blockchain block (like _sf.ethereum.type.v2.Block_) and transform it into a clean, custom output type (such as _eth.example.MyBlock_).

Code example:

```plaintext
modules:
 - name: map_block
   kind: map
   initialBlock: 12287507
   inputs:
     - source: sf.ethereum.type.v2.Block
   output:
     type: proto:eth.example.MyBlock
```

**4\. Infrastructure Filter**  
This built-in module strips out vote transactions before your code runs.  
100 total transactions  
↓ remove vote txs  
≈ 20 remain

**5\. Write Your Custom Logic**  
Now you apply your rules:

*   Does this involve the MOFT token?
*   Is the Token Program used?
*   Does the instruction match what you need?

Your custom rules are written as a Substream module in a Rust function that receives an input and returns an output. For example, the following Rust function receives an Ethereum block and returns a custom object containing fields such as block number, hash, or parent hash.

```plaintext
fn get_my_block(blk: Block) -> Result<MyBlock, substreams::errors::Error> {
   let header = blk.header.as_ref().unwrap();
   Ok(MyBlock {
       number: blk.number,
       hash: Hex::encode(&blk.hash),
       parent_hash: Hex::encode(&header.parent_hash),
   })
}
```

**6\. Your WASM Module**  
Your custom logic is set in the Substreams Manifest as the path to the .wasm file built from the Rust function. E.g.  _map\_my\_data_ function receives only the filtered transactions, not the full firehose.  
20 filtered transactions  
↓ apply rules  
1 match

**7\. Substreams Converts Output to JSON**  
Your protobuf schema is automatically serialized into JSON.

**8\. Final Output**  
You get a clean, ready-to-use output.json.

![Tables.jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/Tables_fb4421c78e.jpg)

**Recap:**  
→ Raw block (100 txs)  
→ Firehose captures everything  
→ Substreams loads config  
→ Vote txs removed → **20 left**  
→ Your logic → **1 match**  
→ Convert to JSON  
→ Save to _output.json_

### **Key Takeaways**

Substreams works because it uses two layers of filtering:

*   The system removes broad noise
*   Your code extracts the precise data you need

It turns chain data from a warehouse search into opening a mailbox with only the letters you care about.

## Case Study: Helius

Helius provides the APIs and infrastructure needed to build production-ready Solana applications. Their data streaming system lets applications receive real-time on-chain updates without polling.  
As [the docs put it](https://www.helius.dev/docs/data-streaming#what-is-data-streaming-on-solana), _Data streaming allows applications to receive real-time updates from the Solana blockchain as events occur on-chain. Instead of repeatedly polling for updates, streaming establishes persistent connections that push data to your application instantly when transactions are processed, accounts change, or blocks are produced._  
Now, let’s examine how Helius enables indexing through a clean, predictable pipeline.

### How the Helius Indexer Pipeline Works

The pipeline has two lanes, historical and real-time, but both pass through the same parser before landing in PostgreSQL.

![5.jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/5_1472efb076.jpg)

### Helius: A Step-by-Step Walkthrough

**1\. Solana Blockchain → Helius API**  
Solana emits raw transactions - SOL transfers, SPL token activity, CPI-heavy program calls.  
Helius exposes this data through:

*   **Batch endpoints** (for historical backfills)
*   **Webhooks** (for real-time updates)

This gives you structured data without running a validator.

**2\. Backfill Worker (Historical Processing)**  
Your archive crawler:

*   Fetches signatures (100 at a time)
*   Retrieves full transactions in batches of 25
*   Parses all instructions and CPIs
*   Extracts SOL transfers, token transfers, mints, and burns
*   Writes everything to PostgreSQL
*   Tracks progress to resume safely

**Purpose:** rebuild the full historical data you need.

**3\. Webhook Worker (Real-Time Updates)**  
Handles the live stream:

*   Receives new transactions within ~2–3 seconds
*   Uses the same parsing logic as the backfill
*   Writes new data into the same tables

**Purpose:** keep your database continuously synced with the chain.

**4\. Unified Transaction Parser**  
Both workers rely on one parsing module that:

*   Identifies program IDs
*   Handles System Program, Token Program, and your custom programs
*   Decodes CPIs
*   Normalizes results into structured records

**Purpose:** convert chaotic transaction logs into clean SQL rows.

**5\. PostgreSQL Storage**  
Data is stored across three important tables:

*   transfers → all token & SOL movements  
*   program\_events  → custom program interactions  
*   ingestion\_state → backfill checkpoint tracking

**Purpose:** provide a stable, analytics-ready schema.

### Key Takeaways

*   **Two lanes of ingestion** → backfill (past) + webhooks (present)
*   **One unified parser** → consistent data across time
*   **CPI-aware logic** → captures what programs actually do
*   **Resumable backfill** → no missing or duplicated data
*   **SQL-first design** → fast queries, dashboards, and analytics

This architecture gives you an end-to-end indexing pipeline, from raw on-chain activity to fully structured records, without maintaining your own validator.

## Indexers on Solana: A Summary

I hope it’s clear now that working with blockchain data isn’t as straightforward as it seems at first glance. We walked through two popular indexing approaches, Substreams and Helius, each optimized for different needs. This is not the only way to handle blockchain data, of course. My goal here was simply to show what’s possible, highlight the trade-offs, and encourage you to explore further.  
As always: do your own research, experiment, and choose the right tool for your use case. And don’t forget to index the results of your digging, so you can actually use them quickly and without pain. No need to thank me. Cheers!

A guide to building and understanding indexers on the Solana blockchain for efficiently querying and organizing on-chain data.

I guess we all know someone who never remembers anniversaries, birthdays, or any important dates. I have to honestly admit that I am that person, which is why I rely on calendars and notes apps to keep everything organized, set reminders, and quickly find whatever information I need.   
Now, let’s put that simple solution to my issue into a blockchain context. A blockchain is a public, distributed ledger in which data is linked together using cryptographic hashes. You might imagine it as one giant list of dates and records, like storing your whole family’s birthdays in one place. The problem is, it doesn’t give you a straightforward way to ask, e.g., for only the birthdays happening this month.  
That’s the fundamental misunderstanding people have about blockchains.

Indexers on Solana: Why Blockchain Data Isn’t as Simple as It Seems

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Agnieszka Dobosz

In the rapidly evolving landscape of music technology, blockchain is emerging as a powerful catalyst for transforming how intellectual property rights are managed and distributed. The global blockchain-enabled music licensing market reached $320 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a robust 28.5% CAGR, reaching $2.93 billion by 2033 [(Growth Market Reports)]($https://growthmarketreports.com/report/blockchain-enabled-music-licensing-market$). Yet, despite this momentum, the industry faces a fundamental challenge: how do you bring complex, decades-old metadata standards like DDEX onto a blockchain in a way that's both secure and scalable?  
When Original Works, a foundation incubated by Revelator, a leader in music rights management, approached us with this exact challenge, we knew we were stepping into uncharted territory. The result? A decentralized DDEX registry powered by Zero-Knowledge Proofs that cut proof generation time from 16 hours to just 3 minutes, setting a new standard for what's possible at the intersection of blockchain and music metadata.

## The Music Industry's $2.5 Billion Problem

Picture this: an estimated $2.5 billion in royalty payments that should be paid to artists are currently delayed or unpaid [(Gamma Law)](https://gammalaw.com/how-blockchain-will-change-the-music-industry/). The culprit? An outdated, fragmented system for managing music intellectual property rights that hasn't fundamentally changed in decades. While streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music have revolutionized music consumption, the backend infrastructure for tracking ownership, licenses, and royalties has struggled to keep pace.  
The industry standard for exchanging music metadata is DDEX (Digital Data Exchange), an XML-based format that enables companies to communicate information along the digital supply chain. DDEX is widely adopted by major players, including streaming platforms, record labels, and digital distributors. Yet for all its ubiquity, DDEX comes with significant limitations: it's centralized, prone to data silos, and lacks the transparency and immutability that blockchain technology promises. The global streaming sector alone hit $46.66 billion in 2024 [(The Music Universe)](https://themusicuniverse.com/the-blockchain-beat-why-the-music-industry-is-listening-closely/), yet the infrastructure managing rights and royalties behind these streams remains fundamentally outdated.

## The Challenge: Validating 50,000 Lines of XML Rules On-Chain

Original Works set out to create a decentralized ecosystem for IP management that would provide a unified, tamper-proof, and automated system for sharing and validating critical information between industry stakeholders. The vision was clear: transition DDEX registration to the blockchain. The execution? That's where things got complex.

### What Made This Project Unprecedented

DDEX messages use XML format and follow strict schemas (XSD) with over 50,000 lines of validation rules. Imagine trying to verify that a music release conforms to tens of thousands of business rules, everything from proper artist credits to territorial licensing restrictions, without relying on a centralized authority. That's exactly what we needed to achieve.  
The technical hurdles were formidable:

*   **Complex Schema Validation:** Validating XML against XSD schemas requires sophisticated parsing logic, far too complex for traditional smart contracts.
*   **Gas Cost Constraints:** Conducting XML validation directly on Ethereum would be prohibitively expensive due to transaction gas limits. We needed a way to prove validation happened correctly without executing it on-chain.
*   **Scalability Demands:** The music industry processes thousands of releases daily. Our solution had to scale to handle real-world transaction volumes efficiently.
*   **Data Availability:** Ethereum's new EIP-4844 BLOBs allow storing large data on-chain, but only for 18 days. We needed a mechanism to ensure long-term accessibility and auditability.

[![Tables (3).png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/Tables_3_01f95a14c7.png)](https://www.rumblefish.dev/case-studies/decentralized-ddex-registry-original-works/)

## The Solution: Zero-Knowledge Proofs Meet Music Metadata

At the core of our approach was Risc0, a Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine that enables generating cryptographic proofs for complex computations. Think of Zero-Knowledge Proofs as a way to prove you've done your homework correctly without showing your work - you can verify that XML validation happened according to DDEX rules without actually executing that validation on the blockchain.

### How We Built It: The Technical Architecture

Here's where things get interesting. By leveraging Risc0, we could write validation logic in Rust, a language with mature libraries for XML parsing, while ensuring the computational process remained verifiable and tamper-proof. This was crucial because DDEX messages often contain embedded files like album cover images that need to be extracted and stored separately.  
Our CLI tool first extracts these embedded files and uploads them to IPFS (the InterPlanetary File System), replacing local file paths with corresponding Content Identifiers (CIDs). This ensures all media assets are preserved in a decentralized manner before the message is packed into an EIP-4844 BLOB and submitted on-chain.  
Once validators retrieve a BLOB, they process it using Risc0, extracting key metadata while generating a Zero-Knowledge Proof that verifies the correctness of the operation. Since BLOBs disappear after 18 days, we implemented an archival mechanism where validators upload both the raw BLOB and its extracted, human-readable JSON-formatted messages to IPFS. The CID of the archived BLOB is then recorded in our subgraph, ensuring long-term availability and complete auditability.

## The Breakthrough: From 16 Hours to 3 Minutes

Initially, generating Zero-Knowledge Proofs for XML validation took up to 16 hours per file, far from practical given the high volume of daily transactions in the music industry. This was our most critical bottleneck. To optimize proof generation, we took several strategic steps. First, we preprocessed raw XML files into JSON, reducing computational complexity while maintaining data integrity. This alone yielded significant improvements. Then came the game-changer: GPU acceleration and hardware-specific optimizations.  
**The result? We cut proof generation time from 16 hours to just 3 minutes,** a 320x improvement that made real-world deployment not just feasible, but practical. The resulting proofs, along with extracted metadata, are submitted to our smart contracts, where they're verified and emitted as on-chain events. Our subgraph indexes these events, completing the decentralized pipeline for registering and validating intellectual property metadata.

## Real-World Impact: What This Means for the Music Industry

Beyond the impressive performance metrics, this project addresses fundamental pain points that have plagued the music industry for years. By bringing DDEX metadata onto the blockchain with Zero-Knowledge Proof validation, we've created a system that is:

*   **Transparent:** All metadata registrations are recorded on-chain, providing an immutable audit trail that anyone can verify.
*   **Tamper-Proof:** Once metadata is registered and validated, it cannot be altered retroactively, protecting artists and rights holders from disputes.
*   **Scalable:** With 3-minute proof generation times, the system can handle the thousands of releases that flow through the industry daily.
*   **Decentralized:** No single entity controls the validation process—a network of validators ensures data integrity through cryptographic proofs.

Consider the implications: artists who currently wait months to see royalty payments could potentially receive compensation in near real-time. Record labels and publishers gain unprecedented visibility into how their catalog is being used across different platforms and territories. Digital Service Providers can access standardized, verified metadata that reduces licensing friction and accelerates content distribution.

## The Broader Context: Blockchain's Role in Music's Future

This project sits at the intersection of several converging trends in the music and blockchain industries. While blockchain adoption in music is still in its experimental phase, [with most initiatives being proofs of concept or pilots,](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596124001149) the technology's potential to transform rights management is undeniable. According to recent research, the main impediments to mass blockchain adoption in music aren't technological; they're about data governance, standardization, and the limited quality of existing music metadata. By tackling DDEX integration head-on, we're addressing these fundamental challenges rather than building isolated blockchain solutions that can't interoperate with existing industry infrastructure.  
As Bruno Guez, CEO of Revelator, noted [in an interview](https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/innovation/how-blockchain-is-reshaping-music-industry-payments): 

> _"We're using a token incentive design to boost fan engagement, transforming the way artists interact with their audiences. The music industry isn't ready for Web3 yet, but for that to change, every music company needs to be able to support a new blockchain-based infrastructure across the digital supply chain."_ 

This includes everything from tokenization and smart contracts to automated payments.

## Technical Innovation: Why Zero-Knowledge Proofs Matter

Zero-Knowledge Proofs represent one of the most powerful cryptographic innovations for blockchain scalability and privacy. In 2024, we've seen rapid advances in ZKP technology, from [hardware acceleration achieving 586x speedups](https://people.csail.mit.edu/devadas/pubs/micro24_nocap.pdf), to new proof systems that handle neural networks and complex computations efficiently.  
For the music industry specifically, ZKPs solve a critical problem: how do you prove complex business logic compliance (like DDEX validation) without revealing sensitive commercial information or incurring prohibitive on-chain execution costs? Our implementation demonstrates that ZKPs aren't just theoretical - they're production-ready for real-world data validation at scale.

## Lessons Learned: The Challenges We Overcame

That said, bringing DDEX to blockchain came with its unique set of challenges that demanded creative problem-solving. The integration of cutting-edge technologies like EIP-4844 BLOBs for data availability and the Risc0 virtual machine for generating Zero-Knowledge Proofs added layers of complexity. These technologies, though groundbreaking, came with limitations that required rigorous optimization. The ultimate challenge was balancing the computational demands of Zero-Knowledge Proofs with real-world scalability. Initial proof generation times of 16 hours simply weren't viable; we had to push the boundaries of what was possible with hardware optimization, careful algorithmic choices, and preprocessing strategies.  
Our team of blockchain developers worked intensively over four months, iterating on architectures and testing different optimization approaches. The breakthrough came from a combination of preprocessing XML to JSON, implementing GPU acceleration, and fine-tuning the proof generation pipeline. Each improvement built on the last, ultimately achieving the dramatic performance gains we needed.

## What's Next: The Future of Decentralized Music IP

The Original Works project demonstrates that blockchain technology can handle the complexity of real-world music industry workflows, not as a distant future possibility, but today. With proof generation optimized to 3 minutes and a fully decentralized validation network, the system is ready to process the high volume of metadata exchanges that the industry demands.  
Looking ahead, we anticipate more music companies adopting blockchain-based infrastructure as the technology matures. The transparency, security, and efficiency gains are too significant to ignore. As Gilad Woltsovitch, Co-Founder of Original Works, put it: 

> _"The innovative solutions developed by the Rumble Fish team were instrumental in overcoming the complex challenges of bringing DDEX metadata to the blockchain. The result is a decentralized, efficient, and scalable system that has fundamentally transformed how we manage intellectual property metadata."_

  
For artists, this means faster royalty payments and greater control over their intellectual property. For publishers and labels, it means reduced administrative overhead and improved rights tracking. For the entire industry, it means a more transparent, equitable ecosystem where creators are fairly compensated, and stakeholders can trust the data they're working with.

## Conclusion: Building the Infrastructure for Music's Blockchain Future

Through this collaboration with Original Works, we've successfully built an efficient, scalable, and fully decentralized system that brings DDEX metadata management onto the blockchain. The technical innovations, from Zero-Knowledge Proof optimization to decentralized validation networks, address both the technical and industry-specific challenges that have prevented widespread blockchain adoption in music.  
The 320x improvement in proof generation speed isn't just a performance metric; it's the difference between a proof of concept and a production system. It's the kind of optimization that makes decentralized music IP management not just theoretically possible, but practically viable for the thousands of daily transactions that power the global music industry.  
As the blockchain-enabled music licensing market continues its projected growth toward $2.93 billion by 2033, projects like this will serve as blueprints for how to bridge the gap between traditional industry standards and decentralized infrastructure. The future of music IP management is transparent, tamper-proof, and decentralized, and that future is being built today.

---

Ready to explore how blockchain technology can transform your music tech infrastructure? **Our blockchain development team specializes in Zero-Knowledge Proofs,** decentralized systems, and complex integrations.   
[View the full Original Works case study](https://www.rumblefish.dev/case-studies/decentralized-ddex-registry-original-works/)  
[Get in touch with our team](https://www.rumblefish.dev/contact/)

Miniatures for blog (1).jpg

BlogPost Top Image (2).jpg

A technical explanation of zero-knowledge proofs and their application in verifying authorship and originality of creative works using cryptographic methods.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of music technology, blockchain is emerging as a powerful catalyst for transforming how intellectual property rights are managed and distributed. The global blockchain-enabled music licensing market reached $320 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a robust 28.5% CAGR, reaching $2.93 billion by 2033 [(Growth Market Reports)]($https://growthmarketreports.com/report/blockchain-enabled-music-licensing-market$). Yet, despite this momentum, the industry faces a fundamental challenge: how do you bring complex, decades-old metadata standards like DDEX onto a blockchain in a way that's both secure and scalable?

From 16 Hours to 3 Minutes: How We Brought Music IP Management to the Blockchain

I believe it’s good to challenge yourself, step outside your comfort zone, and do some not-so-easy theoretical mental exercises. Sometimes for fun, sometimes because you have to, and sometimes both. And that’s exactly how I, an EVM-specialized developer, ended up on a new planet called the XRPL. Initially, the mission seemed simple: create some tokens, then build a type of AMM with extra features, e.g., a min-max swap amount per account restriction. Easy peasy… BUT - the challenge was to do it on the XRPL, the XRP Ledger. So in this article, I invite you to join me on this journey of discovering features and possibilities of the XRP Ledger.

Disclaimer: I’m aware of [the XRPL EVM sidechain](https://www.xrplevm.org/), which is the natural way to go for any EVM-based developer. I also know that Hooks on XRPL are only live on testnet ([as of November 2025](https://xrpl-hooks.readme.io/docs/introduction)). But for the sake of curiosity, let’s check this out anyway. 

### What are Hooks? What’s the idea behind them?
The XRPL Hooks documentation states:
_“Hooks add smart contract functionality to the XRP Ledger: layer one custom code to influence the behaviour and flow of transactions. Hooks are small, efficient pieces of code being defined on an XRPL account, allowing logic to be executed before and/or after XRPL transactions.”_
And honestly, that’s exactly it. Hooks bring smart-contract-like behavior to XRPL accounts and let you run logic before and/or after transactions. Examples range from simple, like “reject payments < 10 XRP”, to more advanced rules like automatically routing 10% of every outgoing payment to a savings account.
### So how do Hooks work under the hood?
First of all, Hooks are WebAssembly modules “installed” on a specific account. That means they can be written in any language that compiles to WebAssembly, though in practice, they’re typically written in C. Hooks in the XRPL world get attached to an account through a SetHook transaction. Once you’ve plugged a Hook in, it basically acts like a smart mini-guardian for that account. It can:
- Step in and either allow or block incoming and outgoing transactions,
- Maintain its own internal state and logic to react based on past events, and
- Even fire off brand-new transactions on behalf of the account.

Hooks on XRPL aren’t Turing-complete by design - no unlimited loops allowed. If you use a loop, you must set a strict maximum. That’s where guards come in. A guard sits at the top of a loop and tells the XRPL the highest number of iterations it could ever run. Maybe it usually loops twice, maybe in extreme cases 500 times - then the guard sets the maximum to 500. XRPL uses this to predict worst-case execution time and calculate the Hook’s fee, keeping everything neat, fast, and predictable.
### Cool, but what if a single Hook isn’t enough? Can I combine a few?
You can - and that’s called a Hook Chain. It’s basically a lineup of up to 10 Hooks on an XRPL account. When a transaction comes in, the chain runs from slot 0 to slot 9, skipping empty slots and treating them as a clean pass. For the transaction to succeed, both the sender and receiver must fully pass their respective Hook Chains. Hooks are added using the SetHook transaction, and when you install one, you can pass parameters that tweak its behavior.
### OK, enough theory. How do I install a Hook?
Simply use the SetHook transaction type. Here’s an example (taken from [the official docs](https://xrpl-hooks.readme.io/docs/sethook-transaction))




```
{ 
    Account: "r4GDFMLGJUKMjNhhycgt2d5LXCdXzCYPoc",
    TransactionType: "SetHook",
    Fee: "2000000",
    Hooks:
    [        
        {                        
            Hook: {                
                CreateCode: fs.readFileSync('accept.wasm').toString('hex').toUpperCase(),
                HookOn: '0000000000000000',
                HookNamespace: addr.codec.sha256('accept').toString('hex').toUpperCase(),
                HookApiVersion: 0
            }
        }
    ]
}
```

Is it also possible to set the array of hooks within a single transaction, like so (the same source as above):



```
{
    Account: "r4GDFMLGJUKMjNhhycgt2d5LXCdXzCYPoc",
    Account: "r4GDFMLGJUKMjNhhycgt2d5LXCdXzCYPoc",
    TransactionType: "SetHook",
    Hooks:                         // This is the Hooks Array
    [            
          {  Hook: { ... }  },     // HookSet Object (position 0)
          {  Hook: { ... }  },  
          {  Hook: { ... }  },  
          {  Hook: { ... }  }.     // HookSet Object (position 3)
    ]
}
```

You can also update or delete Hooks from an account using the same transaction type.
Aaaaand that’s pretty much it! This is just an overview, as there’s a lot more to explore in the mysterious world of Hooks. From this point on, I encourage you to dive deeper yourself. Unfortunately, as mentioned earlier, Hooks don’t seem to be actively developed anymore, with the XRPL team shifting focus toward the EVM sidechain. That’s just my speculation, but regardless, it was really fun to get familiar with this concept. Hope you enjoyed the ride too!

Miniatures for blog.png

BlogPost Top Image.png

An overview of Hooks on the XRP Ledger, a smart contract functionality that enables developers to add custom logic and automation to XRPL transactions.

I believe it’s good to challenge yourself, step outside your comfort zone, and do some not-so-easy theoretical mental exercises. Sometimes for fun, sometimes because you have to, and sometimes both. And that’s exactly how I, an EVM-specialized developer, ended up on a new planet called the XRPL. Initially, the mission seemed simple: create some tokens, then build a type of AMM with extra features, e.g., a min-max swap amount per account restriction. Easy peasy… BUT - the challenge was to do it on the XRPL, the XRP Ledger. So in this article, I invite you to join me on this journey of discovering features and possibilities of the XRP Ledger.

Exploring Hooks on the XRPL: A Developer’s Journey Beyond the EVM

In the rapidly evolving landscape of enterprise blockchain, the XRP Ledger is emerging as a cornerstone platform for institutional decentralized finance. After over a decade of proven reliability, XRPL is experiencing its most transformative phase yet, introducing features that bridge the gap between traditional finance and blockchain innovation while maintaining the speed and efficiency that made it a payments powerhouse.
The numbers tell a compelling story: weekly payment transactions on XRPL have surged 430% from 1.5 million in 2023 to over 8 million in mid-2025 [(Dune Analytics)](https://cryptorank.io/news/feed/e7642-xrp-use-soars-as-payments-hit-60-of-network-activity-in-2025). The network now processes an average of 1.8 million transactions daily [(OKX Research)](https://www.okx.com/learn/xrpl-transaction-volume-interoperability-institutional-innovations), with payment operations accounting for nearly 60% of all network activity. But beneath these impressive metrics lies something even more significant, a fundamental evolution toward institutional-grade DeFi infrastructure that's positioning XRPL as the platform of choice for regulated financial institutions entering the blockchain space.
## What's New on XRPL: A Comprehensive Breakdown
### Multi-Purpose Tokens: The Institution's Answer to Tokenization
The introduction of Multi-Purpose Tokens (MPTs) in version 2.3.0 marks a watershed moment for real-world asset tokenization on XRPL [(XRPL.org)](https://xrpl.org/blog/2024/rippled-2.3.0). Unlike traditional fungible tokens or NFTs, MPTs occupy a unique middle ground - think of them as semi-fungible tokens that can carry rich metadata while maintaining the efficiency and compliance features institutions demand.
Here's what makes MPTs particularly powerful: each token issuance can store up to 1,024 bytes of metadata directly on-chain, including critical information like asset scale, transfer fees, and compliance parameters [(XRPL Documentation)](https://xrpl.org/docs/concepts/tokens/fungible-tokens/multi-purpose-tokens). This on-chain metadata approach means that crucial asset details - expiry dates, warrant numbers, environmental certifications - are permanently recorded and automatically enforceable by the ledger's transaction engine. The institutional compliance features built into MPTs are equally impressive. Issuers can configure granular controls including individual or global freezing capabilities, clawback functionality for recovering tokens from compromised accounts, and authorization requirements that create allowlists of qualified investors. For regulated financial products, these aren't optional features, they're essential safeguards that make blockchain deployment legally feasible.
### Real-Life Use Case: Trade Finance Revolution
FortStock is leveraging MPTs to digitize warehouse receipts as programmable collateral, addressing a critical gap in global trade finance [(XRPL Blog)](https://xrpl.org/blog/2025/fortstock-xrpl-case-study-mpt-standard). Consider this: global trade moves over $25 trillion in goods annually, yet much of this physical inventory remains frozen in financial terms, unleveraged and untapped as collateral. The trade finance gap currently stands between $2.5 and $5 trillion according to the Asian Development Bank and World Trade Organization, disproportionately impacting emerging markets. By representing warehouse receipts as MPTs, FortStock enables a coffee exporter in Colombia to tokenize $1 million worth of stored green coffee beans and use these digital receipts as instant collateral for a loan from a lender in Singapore. The business logic, from issuance to pledge to settlement, is embedded directly in the token, eliminating complex external smart contracts and reducing counterparty risk. The platform successfully tested core functionality on XRPL Devnet and is targeting Q4 2025 for its first major warehouse onboarding and initial loan issuance.
### Real-Life Use Case: Carbon Credit Transparency
Centigrade is using MPTs to bring much-needed transparency to carbon markets by embedding rich environmental data directly into tokenized carbon credits [(Multichain Media)](https://blog.multichainmedia.xyz/index.php/2025/10/10/the-xrpls-multi-purpose-tokens-in-action/). Each token contains comprehensive metadata about the offset project, verification standards, and environmental impact, creating an auditable trail that reduces fraud and builds market confidence. The company has partnered with major verification bodies including the American Carbon Registry and Gold Standard, successfully testing functionality on XRPL Devnet before moving toward live operations.
### Real-Life Use Case: Institutional Money Markets
LiCuido represents shares in money market funds as MPTs, enabling these traditionally illiquid assets to function as instant, programmable collateral for institutional lending. This application demonstrates how MPTs can transform traditional financial instruments into blockchain-native assets while preserving the regulatory compliance and investor protections required in regulated markets.
### Credentials: Building a Compliant Identity Layer
The Credentials standard (XLS-70), approved in September 2025, introduces a lightweight but powerful framework for issuing, managing, and verifying user credentials directly on the XRP Ledger [(Messari Report)](https://messari.io/report/state-of-xrp-ledger-q3-2025). Think of it as building blocks for decentralized identity; credentials can attest to KYC compliance, professional certifications, or qualified investor status, all while preserving user privacy through selective disclosure.
The design draws from the W3C Verifiable Credentials standard but adapts it specifically for the XRPL context [(XRPL Documentation)](https://xrpl.org/docs/concepts/decentralized-storage/credentials). Three new transaction types enable the lifecycle: CredentialCreate allows issuers to mint credentials specifying the subject, credential type, and optional expiration; CredentialAccept lets subjects accept credentials and assume the reserve burden; and CredentialDelete permits either party to revoke credentials at any time. The immediate use case addresses a persistent pain point in blockchain finance: streamlining compliant onboarding. Instead of manually approving each payment sender when using Deposit Authorization, credentials enable automatic approval for accounts holding valid KYC credentials. For tokenized securities or regulated DeFi products, this becomes foundational infrastructure, institutions can restrict access to holders of specific credentials while maintaining privacy and avoiding centralized control.
### Real-Life Use Case: Regulated DEX Access
Permissioned Domains (XLS-80), currently under development, will build on the Credentials standard to enable financial institutions to create controlled environments on XRPL accessible only to credentialed participants. A regulated trading platform could list accepted credentials, such as accredited investor status or institutional KYC verification, granting automatic access to accounts holding any qualifying credential. This architecture enables institutions to participate in DeFi activity while meeting compliance standards for securities trading, AML requirements, and investor protection rules.
### XRPL EVM Sidechain: Bridging Two Ecosystems
The XRPL EVM Sidechain launched on mainnet June 30, 2025, represents a strategic bridge to the Ethereum developer ecosystem [(CoinDesk)](https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2025/06/30/xrpl-evm-sidechain-goes-live-unlocking-ethereum-dapps-in-xrp-ecosystem). Built using the Cosmos EVM stack and connected via the Axelar bridge, the sidechain enables developers to deploy Ethereum-compatible smart contracts using familiar tools like Solidity, MetaMask, and Hardhat, while leveraging XRPL's speed and efficiency.
The architecture is deliberately designed to preserve XRPL's core strengths. The base layer remains optimized for payments, processing up to 1,500 transactions per second with settlement times of 3-5 seconds and fees as low as $0.0002, while the EVM sidechain handles the computational load of programmable applications. XRP serves as the native gas token on both networks, with a 1:1 bridging relationship ensuring value parity. The testnet phase demonstrated remarkable traction, attracting 87 new entities, most with no prior XRP affiliation, including DeFi protocols, oracles, and infrastructure providers [(BeInCrypto)](https://beincrypto.com/xrpl-evm-mainnet-launch-2025/). Since mainnet launch, the sidechain has generated significant developer activity and liquidity inflows, with integration partnerships announced from Band Protocol (oracle services), Grove (RPC infrastructure), Squid (cross-chain asset transfers), and upcoming DeFi applications from Strobe, Securd, and Vertex.
### DynamicNFT: Mutable Tokens for Evolving Use Cases
The DynamicNFT amendment (XLS-46), enabled in June 2025, introduces a new NFTokenModify transaction type that allows metadata updates after minting [(Messari Report)](https://messari.io/report/state-of-xrp-ledger-q3-2025). This seemingly simple addition unlocks entirely new NFT applications: gaming items that evolve with player progress, identity tokens that update with new certifications, event tickets that reflect entry status changes, and supply chain tokens that record each step in a product's journey. Average daily NFT transactions on XRPL increased 51% quarter-over-quarter in Q3 2025, driven by a 71% increase in minting activity. As of September 2025, nearly 17.7 million NFTs have been minted using the XLS-20 standard, with 4.2 million minted in Q3 alone.
### Lower Reserves: Democratizing Access
In December 2024, validators collectively voted to reduce XRPL's reserve requirements by 90% - from 10 XRP to 1 XRP for base account reserves, and from 2 XRP to 0.2 XRP per object owned [(XRPL.org)](https://xrpl.org/blog/2024/lower-reserves-are-in-effect). At current XRP prices around $2.24, this means activating an account now costs approximately $2.24 instead of $22.40, dramatically lowering the barrier to entry. This change has immediate practical implications. Data shows that nearly 600,000 XRPL wallets—representing 8.5% of all accounts, still hold exactly 10 XRP, the previous reserve requirement [(The Crypto Basic)](https://thecryptobasic.com/2025/09/03/data-shows-592818-xrpl-wallets-hold-exactly-10-xrp/). If these dormant account holders return, they can now withdraw 9 XRP (currently worth about $20), leaving only the new 1 XRP reserve. The network has welcomed over 1.17 million new wallets in 2025 alone, bringing total accounts to approximately 7 million as of September.
## The Institutional DeFi Roadmap: What's Coming Next
Ripple's 2025 roadmap focuses squarely on institutional DeFi adoption through regulatory compliance and expanded programmability [(CryptoPolitan)](https://www.cryptopolitan.com/xrp-ledgers-focuses-on-institutional-defi/). Beyond the features already deployed, several initiatives are in development:
- **Extensions** will enable developers to attach custom code to existing XRPL primitives like escrows and AMMs, enhancing functionality without requiring new smart contracts. This modular approach preserves the security and simplicity of native features while allowing customization for specific use cases.
- **Native Lending Protocol** is under development with a $200,000 security Attackathon completed in late 2025, inviting researchers to review over 35,000 lines of C++ code. This protocol will enable crypto-native businesses to integrate lending with Ripple payments, the native DEX, and tokenized real-world assets, all within XRPL's compliance-forward architecture.
- **Permissioned DEX** (XLS-81) extends the credential-gated model specifically to decentralized trading, enabling institutions to participate in on-chain markets while ensuring all participants meet KYC/AML requirements. Combined with existing compliance tools like Authorized Trustlines, freezing capabilities, and clawback functionality, this creates a comprehensive framework for regulated DeFi activity.
## The Competitive Advantage: Why XRPL for Enterprise?
XRPL's appeal to institutional adopters rests on several convergent factors. The platform's 13-year track record demonstrates production-grade reliability, over 70 million ledgers closed without downtime, processing more than 4 billion transactions with consistent sub-$0.01 fees and 3-5 second settlement times. This operational stability matters immensely when moving real financial value. The regulatory clarity achieved in 2025, particularly following the SEC settlement that affirmed XRP's utility status rather than security classification, has unlocked institutional capital. The approval of the first U.S. XRP ETFs brought an estimated $2 billion in new capital, while XRP's listing on Coinbase's Derivatives Exchange in April 2025 paved the way for broader regulated trading products.
The Federated Consensus mechanism eliminates the common blockchain trade-offs between decentralization, security, and speed. Unlike proof-of-work networks with energy concerns or proof-of-stake systems with validator concentration risks, XRPL's consensus protocol enables validators distributed across universities, exchanges, and enterprises globally to reach agreement on transaction ordering without a single point of failure or mining incentive that prioritizes high-fee transactions.
That said, XRPL comes with its own considerations. The base layer's deliberate design choice to prioritize security and stability through simplicity means it doesn't support arbitrary smart contracts like Ethereum or other programmable platforms. The EVM sidechain addresses this gap for developers requiring full smart contract flexibility, but it represents a different security model than the battle-tested base layer. For use cases where native XRPL functionality suffices - payments, DEX trading, tokenization - the base layer's simplicity is actually a strength, reducing attack surface and edge cases. The learning curve for developers transitioning from other blockchain ecosystems can be steep, particularly around XRPL's unique concepts like trust lines, rippling, and the account model. However, extensive documentation, SDKs for JavaScript, Python, and Java, and a growing developer community have significantly improved onboarding. The XRPL Accelerator program, run by Tenity in partnership with Ripple, provides funding and mentorship to startups building on the platform, with cohort 6 launching in June 2025 featuring 9 ventures across payments, trade finance, and AI infrastructure.
## Market Momentum: The Numbers Behind the Narrative
XRP ended Q3 2025 as the fourth-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization at $170.3 billion, representing 29% quarter-over-quarter growth and outperforming the combined market cap growth of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana [(Messari Report)](https://messari.io/report/state-of-xrp-ledger-q3-2025). The token closed Q3 at $2.85, an all-time high quarterly close.
The XRPL ecosystem shows equally impressive metrics. Over 300 financial institutions have integrated XRP into their operations, leveraging its low-cost, near-instant settlement capabilities [(ainvest.com)](https://www.ainvest.com/news/xrp-ledger-institutional-readiness-post-credentials-upgrade-regulatory-friendly-blockchain-institutional-adoption-2509/). Ripple's On-Demand Liquidity service processed $1.3 trillion in Q2 2025 alone, demonstrating the scale of real-world payment flows moving through XRP corridors. The native DEX now supports over 400 XRP trading pairs with more than 20,000 AMM pools providing direct liquidity. While AMM volumes decreased from their November 2024 peak of $60.5 million daily to an average of $1.7 million daily in Q3 2025, CLOB (Central Limit Order Book) trading has grown, with average daily volume increasing 74% quarter-over-quarter to $13.7 million in Q1 2025 [(Messari Q1 Report)](https://messari.io/report/state-of-xrp-ledger-q1-2025).
Ripple's RLUSD stablecoin, launched in December 2024, reached a combined market cap of $789 million across XRPL and Ethereum by the end of Q3 2025 [(Messari Report)](https://messari.io/report/state-of-xrp-ledger-q3-2025). Notably, the token's distribution is shifting, while over 85% initially deployed on Ethereum [(The Defiant)](https://thedefiant.io/news/blockchains/ripple-debuts-evm-sidechain-to-bring-ethereum-apps-to-xrp-ecosystem), the EVM sidechain launch aims to rebalance issuance toward XRPL's native infrastructure.
## Looking Ahead: XRPL's 2026 Vision
The convergence of regulatory clarity, institutional-grade infrastructure, and real-world adoption positions XRPL uniquely for 2026 and beyond. As traditional financial institutions seek blockchain solutions that balance innovation with compliance, XRPL's combination of proven reliability, embedded compliance tools, and expanding programmability creates a compelling value proposition. The MPT standard is already demonstrating how blockchain can transform traditional assets, from warehouse receipts to carbon credits to money market funds, into programmable financial instruments without sacrificing the compliance controls institutions require. The Credentials framework provides the identity layer necessary for regulated products, while the EVM sidechain ensures Ethereum developers can leverage these capabilities using familiar tools.
For CTOs and decision-makers evaluating blockchain platforms, XRPL represents a mature option that has moved beyond proof-of-concept to production-scale deployment across global payment networks. **With Rumble Fish's expertise in blockchain development and XRPL integration, enterprises can navigate the technical complexities of implementation while leveraging the platform's full potential for payments, tokenization, and institutional DeFi applications.**
If you're exploring how XRPL's institutional DeFi capabilities could transform your financial operations or unlock new product opportunities, our blockchain development team can help you design and deploy solutions that leverage Multi-Purpose Tokens, Credentials, and the broader XRPL ecosystem. [Get in touch](mailto:hello@rumblefish.dev) to discuss how these innovations can drive value for your organization.

 A summary of the latest updates and developments coming to the XRP Ledger in 2025, including new features and improvements to the protocol.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of enterprise blockchain, the XRP Ledger is emerging as a cornerstone platform for institutional decentralized finance. After over a decade of proven reliability, XRPL is experiencing its most transformative phase yet, introducing features that bridge the gap between traditional finance and blockchain innovation while maintaining the speed and efficiency that made it a payments powerhouse.

XRP Ledger in 2025: Institutional DeFi Takes Center Stage with Game-Changing Updates

A roundup of the most significant and promising zero-knowledge proof projects and implementations to watch in 2025.


In the rapidly evolving landscape of blockchain technology, zero-knowledge proofs are emerging as the fundamental infrastructure for the next generation of scalable, private, and secure decentralized applications. As we navigate through 2025, ZKP technology has moved from theoretical promise to practical deployment, with over $28 billion in Total Value Locked across ZK-based rollups (L2Beat) and the global zero-knowledge proof market projected to reach $7.59 billion by 2033, growing at a remarkable 22.1% CAGR (Grand View Research).

Top 10 Zero-Knowledge Proof Projects Reshaping Blockchain in 2025

One of my very first computer-related memories is the moment I launched the epic game called Deluxe Ski Jump 2. For me, as a kid, it was kind of magic: I was able to double-click on the icon and, a few seconds later, be a pro ski jumper. Over 20 years later, this is still magic, but at least I know what kind of magic is behind it. Let’s talk about desktop apps.

## Framework: A Developer’s Multitool

I also believe that, over 20 years later, building desktop apps is not as cumbersome as it used to be, and there are many great frameworks out there that help to achieve this. First of all, let’s explain, for the sake of clarity, what a framework is. You can think of it as a ready-made toolkit, a set of libraries, tools, and conventions that provide structure for building applications. You can write your app by plugging into the framework’s lifecycle and patterns, which simply makes dev life easier. So far, the most popular framework for building desktop apps has been, and probably still is, Electron, but a new player has entered the game. His name is Tauri.

## My name is Tauri. 2.0 Tauri.

As [Tauri’s official documentation](https://v2.tauri.app/start/) says, _Tauri is a framework for building tiny, fast binaries for all major desktop and mobile platforms._ Sounds cool, doesn’t it? But what does that actually mean? Well, let’s assume you want to build a desktop application for all major platforms: Linux, macOS, and Windows. It’s quite obvious that you want to develop the app codebase once and then just build three different versions suitable for each of the above platforms. This is, of course, about both your backend and frontend code. And here’s where Tauri comes to you and says, _Hello there! Take my hand and let me help you do this!_, which Tauri’s docs explain in other words: _Developers can integrate any frontend framework that compiles to HTML, JavaScript, and CSS for building their user experience while leveraging languages such as Rust, Swift, and Kotlin for backend logic when needed._

## Electron vs. Tauri

But haven’t I just written that there was already a leading framework, Electron, which was doing the same? Yes, but Tauri has a slightly different approach and advantages over the former. Electron is like packing your own mini web browser (Chromium) with your app, so it looks the same everywhere. It’s easy for web developers and has tons of plugins, but it makes apps bigger. Tauri is like borrowing the computer’s built‑in browser to show your app and using a fast Rust helper behind the scenes. Apps are much smaller and often use less memory, but you depend on each system’s web engine.

![electron-vs-tauri.png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/electron_vs_tauri_dda10669de.png)

Now that we know the difference, we can decide which framework is better for us and why this is (probably) Tauri. Creating a demo project is a piece of cake, and an officially maintained utility tool guides you by the hand through the first steps of the process. The playground is built; now you can build sandcastles or whatever you want. But don’t forget about security. Fortunately, Tauri hasn’t forgotten and takes security very seriously. The framework provides the Isolation Pattern, which (as the docs say) is a way to intercept and modify Tauri API messages sent by the frontend before they get to Tauri Core, all with JavaScript. The secure JavaScript code that is injected by the Isolation pattern is referred to as the Isolation application. If you’re interested in how it works, I strongly encourage you to take a look [here](https://v2.tauri.app/concept/inter-process-communication/isolation/).

## Summary

Is Tauri the magician who pulls a rabbit (or another Deluxe Ski Jump 2) out of a hat? No. But it's the perfect toolkit for anyone who wants to build a secure cross-platform desktop app. As a full-stack software developer, I had the opportunity to work with it, and I must say I really enjoyed it! Sure, the framework is still not perfect and (fortunately) is still being actively improved, but hopefully in 20 years it will be more mature than I am. And it will still give as much fun as playing Deluxe Ski Jump 2.

A comparison of Tauri and Electron frameworks for building cross-platform desktop applications, analyzing their performance, security, and resource usage differences.

Tauri is an emerging framework for building lightweight, secure desktop applications across all major platforms, including Linux, macOS, and Windows. Unlike Electron, which bundles Chromium and Node.js, resulting in large app sizes (100-150+ MB), Tauri leverages the operating system's native WebView and a Rust core to create significantly smaller applications (3-20+ MB).

Tauri vs. Electron: The Lightweight Champion of Desktop Apps

ZKP development is the process of designing, implementing, and deploying zero-knowledge proof systems that enable privacy-preserving verification in blockchain applications. In this guide, you'll learn what ZKP development entails, essential frameworks, and how to build production-ready ZKP applications. This comprehensive guide covers ZKP development fundamentals, popular frameworks (Circom, Noir, gnark), implementation strategies, and real-world deployment examples. Whether you're building privacy-preserving transactions, scalable Layer 2 solutions, or decentralized identity systems, you'll find practical insights for creating secure zero-knowledge protocols. We'll explore how zero-knowledge proofs work in practice, examine proof generation techniques, and demonstrate how to integrate cryptographic proof systems into modern applications while maintaining privacy and ensuring data security.

## Understanding ZKP Development: Key Concepts and Definitions

### Core ZKP Development Concepts

ZKP development centers on creating systems where one party (the prover) can demonstrate knowledge of sensitive information to another party (the verifier) without revealing the underlying data. In practical terms, this involves designing zk circuits, implementing constraint systems, and orchestrating proof generation workflows.

Essential terminology includes R1CS (Rank-1 Constraint System) circuits, which define mathematical relationships, arithmetic circuits that perform computations on private inputs, witnesses containing secret data, and proving keys that enable the creation of cryptographic proofs. The verification process relies on verifying keys to confirm the statement's truth without accessing the underlying information. The distinction between interactive zero-knowledge proofs and non-interactive zero-knowledge approaches is crucial for developers. Interactive proofs require multiple rounds of communication between parties, while non-interactive systems generate standalone proofs suitable for smart contracts and decentralized applications.

![image.png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/image_22508b16c9.png)

### Development Ecosystem Relationships

ZKP development connects directly to blockchain scalability through zk-rollups, privacy through confidential transactions, and identity verification via decentralized identity protocols. Modern proving systems like Groth16 and PLONK integrate with circuit languages such as Circom, enabling developers to build verifiable computations for smart contract applications. The relationship between frontend development tools and backend cryptographic libraries is fundamental. Developers use frameworks like SnarkJS for browser-based proof generation, while libraries like arkworks provide high-performance cryptographic primitives for Rust applications. This ecosystem enables privacy-preserving transactions across decentralized exchanges and maintains transaction privacy in complex financial applications.   

Hash functions, digital signature schemes, and range proofs serve as building blocks for larger zero-knowledge protocols. Understanding how these components interact helps developers optimize proof size, verification time, and overall system performance.

## Why ZKP Development is Important in Blockchain and Web3

Privacy preservation represents the primary driver for ZKP adoption, enabling confidential transactions and private smart contracts without revealing sensitive data. Users can prove possession of funds, verify identity attributes, or demonstrate compliance without exposing proprietary data or risking data breaches. Scalability solutions demonstrate zero-knowledge proofs' transformative impact on blockchain infrastructure. Zk-rollups like Polygon zkEVM and StarkNet reduce Ethereum gas costs by over 90%, processing thousands of transactions per second. These systems compress hundreds of transactions into single cryptographic proofs, dramatically improving throughput and reducing network congestion. Regulatory compliance benefits emerge through privacy-preserving verification mechanisms. Organizations can satisfy GDPR and HIPAA requirements while maintaining data privacy, proving compliance without revealing sensitive information. This approach prevents identity theft and unauthorized access to private information while enabling necessary auditing and verification processes. Major Layer 2 ZKP solutions currently process millions of transactions weekly with billions in total value locked across platforms like Polygon zkEVM, zkSync Era, and StarkNet. Modern verification systems achieve 95% improvements in processing time compared to traditional proof systems.

## Step-by-Step Guide to ZKP Development

### Step 1: Environment Setup and Framework Selection

Installing development tools varies by chosen framework. JavaScript developers should install Node.js (v18+) and npm, then set up Circom with SnarkJS for browser-compatible zero-knowledge proof generation. Rust developers can configure Noir for improved syntax and error handling, while Go developers may prefer gnark for enterprise applications.

For Circom setup, install the compiler and SnarkJS library:

```plaintext
npm install -g circom snarkjs
```

Configure your development environment with recommended VS Code extensions for syntax highlighting and debugging. Set up git hooks for constraint counting and circuit optimization tracking. For production applications, participate in or verify trusted setup ceremonies to maintain security assumptions. Development environment checklist includes: testing framework integration, constraint visualization tools, performance monitoring utilities, and formal verification tools. Establish clear build processes for circuit compilation, key generation, and proof verification to streamline development workflows.

### Step 2: Circuit Design and Implementation

Designing constraint systems requires careful analysis of your specific use case, whether proving age verification, balance proofs, or vote validity. Each logical operation translates to mathematical constraints, directly impacting proof generation time and verification complexity. Writing circuits in Circom syntax involves defining input signals, implementing logic gates, and ensuring proper constraint coverage. Here's a simple example for range proof verification:

```javascript
template RangeProof(n) {
    signal input value;    // Secret value to prove is in range
    signal input min;      // Minimum allowed value
    signal input max;      // Maximum allowed value
    signal output valid;   // 1 if valid, 0 if invalid
    
    // Check value >= min
    component geq = GreaterEqualThan(n);
    geq.in[0] <== value;
    geq.in[1] <== min;
    
    // Check value <= max  
    component leq = LessEqualThan(n);
    leq.in[0] <== value;
    leq.in[1] <== max;
    
    // Both conditions must be true (1 * 1 = 1)
    valid <== geq.out * leq.out;
}
```

Testing circuits with sample inputs and debugging constraint violations prevents production vulnerabilities. Use formal verification tools when available, as under-constrained circuits represent the most common security vulnerability in SNARK applications, potentially allowing false statements to pass verification.

### Step 3: Integration and Deployment

Generating, proving, and verification keys requires executing trusted setups for production circuits. Universal trusted setup approaches like those used in PLONK reduce security risks compared to circuit-specific ceremonies, though they may increase proof size and verification time. Integrating zero-knowledge proof generation into frontend applications demands careful consideration of user experience. Implement web workers to prevent blocking UI threads during proof generation, especially for circuits exceeding 10,000 constraints. Cache generated proofs when possible to avoid repeated computation.

Deploy verifier smart contracts to Ethereum, Polygon, or other EVM-compatible chains using standard deployment tools. Current Groth16 verification costs approximately 150-200k gas (~$5-15 depending on gas prices), while PLONK verification requires around 600-800k gas. Consider Layer 2 deployment for cost-sensitive applications to achieve 90%+ cost reductions.

## Common ZKP Development Mistakes to Avoid

**Under-constrained circuits** represent the most critical security vulnerability in SNARK applications. This occurs when circuits don't properly constrain all possible inputs, allowing malicious provers to generate valid proofs for false statements. Always verify that every logical condition translates to appropriate mathematical constraints, and use formal verification tools to detect potential gaps.

**Trusted setup security failures** occur when developers use development keys in production environments or participate improperly in ceremony processes. Never reuse trusted setups between different circuits, and ensure ceremony participants follow proper security protocols. Consider using universal setups or proof systems without trusted setups (like STARKs or Halo2) for applications requiring long-term security.

**Performance bottlenecks** typically arise from unoptimized constraint counts leading to proof generation times exceeding acceptable user experience thresholds. Profile your circuits early in development, minimize redundant constraints, and consider recursive proof techniques for complex applications. Implement proper error handling for proof generation failures and provide clear progress indicators.

**Frontend integration issues** include blocking main threads during cryptographic operations and inadequate error handling for proof generation failures. Use web workers consistently, implement progress indicators for long-running operations, and provide clear error messages for constraint violations or invalid inputs.

**Pro Tip:** Implement comprehensive testing suites including constraint counting, witness generation validation, and end-to-end proof verification. Use property-based testing and fuzzing techniques to identify edge cases that might compromise security or cause unexpected failures.

## Real-Life ZKP Development Example and Walkthrough

### Case Study: Building a Private Voting System

Our voting system implementation demonstrates practical ZKP development for governance applications requiring voter privacy and result verifiability. The system enables participants to prove valid vote casting without revealing individual choices, while maintaining public verification of final tallies.

**System Requirements:**

-   Voter privacy (choices remain secret)
-   Double-voting prevention
-   Eligible voter verification
-   Public result verification
-   Scalable to 1000+ voters

**Implementation Architecture:**

1.  **Voter Registration Circuit**
    -   Generates a unique nullifier for each eligible voter
    -   Creates a Merkle tree of registered voters
    -   Issues a registration proof without revealing identity
2.  **Vote Validity Circuit**
    -   Proves voter eligibility using Merkle proof
    -   Validates vote format (exactly one choice selected)
    -   Generates a nullifier to prevent double voting
    -   Encrypts the vote choice for privacy
3.  **Tally Aggregation**
    -   Homomorphic addition of encrypted votes
    -   Final decryption reveals only aggregate results
    -   Individual votes remain permanently private

**Technical Implementation:**

```javascript
// Simplified vote validity circuit
template VoteValidity(levels) {
    signal input vote;           // 0 or 1 (private vote choice)
    signal input nullifier;      // Unique voter identifier
    signal input secret;         // Voter's private key
    signal input pathElements[levels];
    signal input pathIndices[levels];
    
    signal output nullifierHash;
    signal output commitmentHash;
    
    // Ensure vote is binary (0 or 1)
    component voteCheck = Num2Bits(1);
    voteCheck.in <== vote;
    
    // Verify voter membership in registered set
    component merkleProof = MerkleTreeChecker(levels);
    merkleProof.leaf <== secret;
    merkleProof.pathElements <== pathElements;
    merkleProof.pathIndices <== pathIndices;
    
    // Generate nullifier to prevent double voting
    component nullifierHasher = Poseidon(2);
    nullifierHasher.inputs[0] <== secret;
    nullifierHasher.inputs[1] <== nullifier;
    nullifierHash <== nullifierHasher.out;
    
    // Create vote commitment
    component commitmentHasher = Poseidon(3);
    commitmentHasher.inputs[0] <== vote;
    commitmentHasher.inputs[1] <== secret;
    commitmentHasher.inputs[2] <== nullifier;
    commitmentHash <== commitmentHasher.out;
}
```

**Performance Results:**

-   Circuit constraints: ~15,000 for vote validity
-   Proof generation: 800ms average on desktop browsers
-   Proof size: 288 bytes (Groth16)
-   Verification time: 12ms per proof
-   Gas cost: ~180k gas per vote verification (~$8-12 on Ethereum mainnet)
-   Total system capacity: 2000+ votes processed in under 5 minutes

Metric

Before ZKP

After ZKP Implementation

Vote Privacy

None (public ballots)

Complete (zero-knowledge)

Verification Time

5-10 seconds per vote

12ms per proof

Scalability

50 votes/minute

5000+ votes/minute

Cost per Vote

$25-50 (traditional verification)

$2-12 (depending on network)

## FAQs about ZKP Development

**Q1: Which ZKP framework should I choose for a DeFi application?** 

A1: Circom with Groth16 offers small proofs (288 bytes) and fast verification, ideal for DeFi applications where gas costs matter. Consider Noir for a better developer experience with improved debugging, or gnark for enterprise applications requiring high performance. For applications needing long-term security without trusted setups, evaluate Halo2 despite larger proof sizes.

**Q2: How long does it take to generate proofs in production?** 

A2: Simple circuits with 1000 constraints generate proofs in 100-2000ms on modern browsers, while complex circuits with 100k+ constraints may require 10-60 seconds depending on device capabilities. Mobile devices typically experience 3-10x slower performance than desktop environments. Consider server-side proving for complex circuits to maintain a good user experience.

**Q3: Can ZKP applications run on mobile devices?** 

A3: Yes, frameworks like SnarkJS support WebAssembly for mobile browsers, enabling on-device proof generation. However, proof generation is significantly slower on mobile devices. For circuits over 10k constraints, consider hybrid approaches with server-side proving or simplified mobile-specific circuits.

**Q4: What are the current gas costs for ZKP verification?** 

A4: Groth16 verification costs approximately 150-200k gas ($5-15 depending on current gas prices), while PLONK verification requires around 600-800k gas. Layer 2 solutions like Polygon reduce costs by 90%+, making frequent verification economically viable. STARKs have higher verification costs (~2-5M gas) but offer post-quantum security.

**Q5: How do I handle trusted setup security?** 

A5: Participate in or verify established trusted setup ceremonies for production applications. Never reuse setups between different circuits. For maximum security, consider proof systems without trusted setups (STARKs, Halo2) or universal setups (PLONK) that can be reused across multiple circuits safely.

## Conclusion: Key Takeaways for ZKP Development

**Start with established frameworks** like Circom or Noir for production applications rather than building cryptographic primitives from scratch. These mature ecosystems provide battle-tested implementations, extensive documentation, and active community support for troubleshooting complex circuit design challenges. **Focus on circuit optimization early in development,** as constraint count directly impacts user experience and operational costs. Every additional constraint increases proof generation time and verification complexity. Profile circuits continuously and implement constraint counting in your build processes to catch performance regressions. **Plan for scalability** using Layer 2 solutions and consider recursive proofs for complex applications requiring multiple verification steps. Universal trusted setup approaches reduce security risks compared to circuit-specific ceremonies, though they may increase computational requirements. **Implement comprehensive testing** including formal verification to prevent costly security vulnerabilities. Zero-knowledge protocols require rigorous validation of constraint coverage, witness generation accuracy, and end-to-end verification workflows. Security failures in production can compromise user privacy and system integrity.

**Next Steps:**

-   Join ZKP developer communities (Telegram, Discord) for knowledge sharing
-   Experiment with sample projects using established frameworks
-   Contribute to open-source ZKP tools and libraries
-   Stay updated with rapidly evolving cryptographic research
-   Practice with hackathons and developer challenges

The zero-knowledge ecosystem continues evolving rapidly, making continuous learning essential for maintaining current best practices and emerging optimization techniques. Focus on building practical experience while staying informed about theoretical advances that may impact production implementations.

A comprehensive developer guide to building applications with zero-knowledge proofs, covering implementation strategies and best practices.

ZKP development is the process of designing, implementing, and deploying zero-knowledge proof systems that enable privacy-preserving verification in blockchain applications. In this guide, you'll learn what ZKP development entails, essential frameworks, and how to build production-ready ZKP applications.

Understanding Zero-Knowledge Proof Development: Key Concepts and Practical Applications

It’s been a while since my previous article about ZK Proofs. It’s time to see what’s changed since then, what kind of new solutions and blockchains have been developed, and whether the idea of using zk-proofs with the blockchain still makes sense. We’re gonna do this from a new angle - the perspective of L2s! Grab a cup of coffee and lesssssssgo!

## zk-Rollups: The Magic Sauce Behind Scalable Blockchains

Alright, let’s talk about zk-rollups. You might’ve heard this term thrown around in crypto circles, especially if you keep an eye on Ethereum or scaling solutions. But what’s the big deal, and why should you care? So, blockchains, especially the popular ones, are a bit like tiny city centers. Everyone wants to live there, but space is extremely limited, and rent (aka transaction fees) keep increasing. People are sending more and more transactions, firing up complex apps, and, surprise! The main chain gets congested fast. Enter zk-rollups, our scaling superheroes.

zk-rollups are basically clever ways to pack loads of transactions into one neat bundle, do most of the heavy lifting off-chain, and then prove to the main chain: “Hey, we did everything right!” using some cryptographic magic called zero-knowledge proofs (yup, that’s the “zk” part). The chain just checks the proof, saves a bit of summary data, and - boom! - we’ve got space for way more action without breaking a sweat.

## Calldata, Storage, and Why zk-Proofs Are Awesome

Normally, every transaction and its data sit on the blockchain forever. It’s like keeping every grocery receipt since 2015 - messy and potentially expensive. But zk-rollups have a neat trick: they only send the superimportant stuff (called “calldata”) to the chain, while the rest of the data hangs out off-chain, compacted by zk-proofs into tiny packages. What does this mean? Well, instead of needing a truckload of space, you can fit a week’s worth of shopping into your pocket. **zk-proofs let you crunch thousands of transactions into one small proof that anyone can check.** This saves tons of space and makes everything run faster and cheaper. So, if you’re into scaling, zk-rollups are basically a turbo mode for blockchains.

## Projects & Ecosystem: The zk-Rollup Party

A bunch of projects are already rolling (pun intended) with zk-rollups. On Ethereum, you’ve got zkSync, StarkNet, Polygon zkEVM, and more. These guys are all about making things faster, cheaper, and more user-friendly. Solana and other blockchains are also dipping their toes in, tweaking zk-tech to fit their own vibe. But, and this is a big BUT, don’t be fooled. **Just because something uses zk-proofs doesn’t mean it’s private by default.** Most zk-rollups are all about scalability, not privacy. So, your transaction details might still be out in the open. If you’re dreaming of total privacy, you’ll need extra tech (and maybe a different rollup flavor). zk-proofs equal speed and compression, but privacy? That’s a whole other story.

## Overview of the most significant guests of the zk-Rollup Party

Fortunately, in the blockchain universe, there's enough space for many different projects, and some of them have already developed privacy-focused L2s. Let's take a look at a set of examples showcasing how zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are used across different blockchains, highlighting privacy, scalability, and other unique use cases.

### Privacy-Centric Blockchains

-   [**Zcash**](https://z.cash/)  
    \- ZK usage: zk-SNARKs for shielded transactions, hiding sender, receiver, and amount.  
    \- Reason: Privacy.
-   [**Aztec Network**](https://aztec.network/)  
    \- ZK usage: zk-SNARKs for confidential transactions on Ethereum.  
    \- Reason: Privacy + scalability (private DeFi).
-   [**Aleph Zero**](https://alephzero.org/)  
    \- ZK usage: zk-SNARKs for private transfers and confidential smart contracts.  
    \- Reason: Privacy + scalability.

![2.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/2_fb24710810.png)

### Scalability-Focused Blockchains

-   [**Polygon zkEVM**](https://polygon.technology/polygon-zkevm)  
    \- ZK usage: zk-SNARKs to batch, prove, and submit multiple transactions as a single proof to Ethereum.  
    \- Reason: Scalability (low fees, high throughput); privacy is secondary.
-   [**StarkNet (and StarkEx)**](https://starkware.co/blog/starks-starkex-and-starknet/)  
    \- ZK usage: zk-STARKs for rollup scaling, enabling thousands of transactions to be proven and submitted efficiently.  
    \- Reason: Scalability.
-   [**Loopring**](https://loopring.org/#/)  
    \- ZK usage: zk-SNARKs for high-speed, low-fee decentralized exchange via zk-rollups.  
    \- Reason: Scalability.
-   [**Mina Protocol**](https://minaprotocol.com/)  
    \- ZK usage: Recursive zk-SNARKs maintain a tiny blockchain size by compressing the chain history.  
    \- Reason: Scalability (tiny chain, easy node sync).

![3.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/3_47b72c184d.png)

## Other worth mentioning, not-ZK-rollup, but still ZK, solutions

-   **Immutable Audit/Compliance**  
    \- Example: Some enterprise or permissioned blockchains use ZKPs to prove compliance or data validity (e.g., KYC checks) without revealing sensitive customer data.
-   **Identity**  
    \- Example: [Privado ID](https://www.privado.id/) uses zk-SNARKs to enable users to prove certain attributes (age, residency, etc.) without revealing the actual data.  
    \- Reason: Privacy, selective disclosure.
-   **Proof of humanity**  
    \- Example: [The World ID](https://world.org/world-id) protocol uses ZKPs and biometric iris scans to verify users as unique individuals without revealing personal information; users can privately prove their verified human status for various actions, with only their uniqueness disclosed.  
    \- Reason: Privacy, selective disclosure.
-   **Voting**  
    \- Example: ZKPs are employed in blockchain voting systems (e.g., [MACI Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure](https://maci.pse.dev/)) to prove votes are valid without exposing voter identity.  
    \- Reason: Privacy, auditability.

![Tables.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/Tables_d08ff550b5.png)

## Wrapping Up

To sum it up: zk-rollups are the secret ingredient making blockchains ready for prime time. They pack transactions tight, slice fees, and keep things running smoothly. But if you want privacy, read the fine print, as zk doesn’t mean invisible. The tech is moving fast, so keep watching this space, and we will keep you updated too!

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An introduction to zk-rollups, explaining how they use zero-knowledge proofs to scale blockchain networks by bundling multiple transactions off-chain while maintaining security.

It’s been a while since my previous article about ZK Proofs. It’s time to see what’s changed since then, what kind of new solutions and blockchains have been developed, and whether the idea of using zk-proofs with the blockchain still makes sense. We’re gonna do this from a new angle - the perspective of L2s! Grab a cup of coffee and lesssssssgo!

From Traffic Jams to Turbo Mode: How zk-Rollups Are Fixing Blockchain's Biggest Problem

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 A guide to private blockchains, covering their architecture, use cases, and how they differ from public blockchains in terms of access control and governance.


In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about private blockchains, from their technical mechanisms to real-world applications that are delivering measurable business value. Whether you’re evaluating blockchain solutions for your organization or seeking to understand how permissioned networks differ from public alternatives, this guide provides the insights you need to make informed decisions.

Private Blockchain: Complete Guide to Permissioned Networks

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A beginner-friendly introduction to developing on the XRP Ledger, covering fundamental concepts, tools, and getting started with XRPL development.

Discover essential insights for building on the XRP Ledger, from setup to best practices. Learn the fundamentals and start your development journey today!

Building on XRP Ledger: All the Basics You Must Know

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The mobility sector is experiencing a digital revolution that’s reshaping how we travel, pay, and interact with transportation systems. As autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and connected infrastructure become a reality, traditional mobility businesses face mounting pressure to innovate or risk obsolescence. Enter blockchain, a promising technology that’s already transforming how mobility companies operate, from securing autonomous vehicle communication to enabling fractional ownership of transportation assets. Blockchain technology originated with digital currency, such as Bitcoin, as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. This innovation underpins numerous advancements in mobility by enabling secure and transparent transactions, as well as supporting blockchain-based business models.

How Can Blockchain Help Your Business Case #3: Mobility

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Over 176 million medical records were compromised in the USA between 2009 and 2017, exposing a critical vulnerability in traditional healthcare data systems. As healthcare organizations increasingly digitize patient records and expand data sharing initiatives, the need for robust, secure data management solutions has become more urgent than ever. Blockchain technology offers a revolutionary way to address these challenges.

How Can Blockchain Help Your Business? Case #2: Healthcare

Are you wondering how Blockchain technology can improve supply management? Blockchain enhances transparency, boosts traceability, and increases efficiency in supply chains. This article explains how it works and presents successful case studies related to blockchain in supply management.

_This is the first post in our new series exploring how implementing blockchain can help achieve business goals across various industries. Stay tuned for more!_

## Key Takeaways

-   Blockchain transforms the supply chain with its transparent, tamper-proof ledger. Think of it as a digital record book that no one can doodle on.
-   Smart contracts are the superheroes of the blockchain world, automating payments and inventory management like a pro to cut costs and boost efficiency.
-   While the future looks rosy with blockchain’s potential, challenges like scalability and regulatory uncertainty are the pesky weeds to tackle in this garden of innovation.

## Understanding Blockchain Technology in Supply Management

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger, or distributed ledger technology, for recording transactions securely and transparently. This decentralized nature prevents any single entity from having control, fostering a more collaborative and trustworthy environment among supply chain partners. Think of it as a digital record book that everyone in the supply chain can access but no one can alter.

The magic of Blockchain lies in its ability to create supply chain transparency and trust. Imagine a world where every participant in the supply chain has access to the same real-time data. This offers several benefits:

-   Enhances collaboration among participants
-   Ensures everyone is on the same page, reducing miscommunication and errors
-   Supports ethical sourcing by enabling tracking from the point of origin

**This is a significant step towards sustainable and responsible business practices.**

One of the most compelling advantages of Blockchain is its security. The technology uses cryptography to make entries unchangeable, ensuring the integrity of data. This tamper-proof and decentralized record of transactions makes it incredibly difficult for malicious actors to alter transaction histories. In a world where data breaches and fraud are rampant, Blockchain offers a robust solution that enhances accountability and reduces costs by eliminating intermediaries.

With increased adoption, permissioned Blockchain creates a more interconnected and efficient ecosystem, translating to tangible benefits like reduced costs and greater visibility and accountability in private Blockchains.

In summary, Blockchain technology continues to revolutionize supply chain management by offering a secure, transparent, and efficient way to manage transactions.

## Key Features of Blockchain for Supply Chains

Blockchain technology boasts several key features that make it a perfect fit for supply chains. First and foremost is its tamper-proof ledger, which ensures data integrity. In a supply chain, where data accuracy is paramount, having a reliable and unchangeable record of transactions can be a game-changer.

Transparency is another standout feature. Blockchain provides accurate, quickly updated, and secure transactions visible records for all parties involved in the supply chain to verify transactions. This enhance transparency minimizes issues such as late updates, miscommunication, and faulty authentication. Imagine being able to track a product’s journey from the supplier to the consumer with a single, publicly readable transaction ledger.

Tracking products from their origin with Blockchain helps identify ethical sourcing issues. This is particularly important in industries like food and pharmaceuticals, where the authenticity and safety of products are critical. For example, Walmart has implemented Blockchain to track food products, ensuring safety and preventing contamination.

Sustainability initiatives also get a boost from Blockchain. The technology can track carbon emissions and environmental impacts in real-time, supporting efforts to create more eco-friendly supply chains. Overall, Blockchain technology enhances the efficiency and transparency of supply chains while promoting ethical and sustainable practices.

## Enhancing Transparency and Traceability

Transparency and traceability are the cornerstones of a well-functioning supply chain. Blockchain facilitates better accountability by providing an unalterable record of product history. This transparency can expose fraudulent activities that rely on manipulated data and inadequate technology. Blockchain enables verification of a product’s authenticity at any point in its journey.

Real-time data sharing enabled by smart contracts enhances collaboration and transparency among supply chain partners. For instance, De Beers employs Blockchain to ensure the authenticity of diamonds by tracking them from mines to retailers. Similarly, Pfizer uses Blockchain to verify the authenticity of pharmaceuticals, helping to prevent counterfeit drugs and share data effectively.

The benefits of Blockchain are not limited to high-value items like diamonds and pharmaceuticals. Walmart’s collaboration with IBM on Blockchain helps trace food origins, ensuring safety and transparency. Blockchain minimizes discrepancies and enhances trust by establishing a shared source of truth among supply chain participants.

In summary, Blockchain significantly enhances transparency and traceability, making supply chains more reliable and trustworthy.

## Improving Efficiency with Smart Contracts

Smart contracts are crucial in Blockchain software development. These self-executing contracts automate payment processes based on predefined conditions, significantly streamlining financial transactions. For companies like FedEx, Blockchain automates payment processes between suppliers and customers by triggering payments once delivery conditions are met.

Amazon is exploring Blockchain technology to automate vendor payments, enhancing cash flow management. The automation via smart contracts offers several advantages:

-   Minimizes the need for manual intervention
-   Speeds up transaction processes
-   Improves efficiency
-   Reduces operational costs by eliminating intermediaries

Smart contracts also play a crucial role in inventory management. By automating document verification and reducing manual processes, blockchain can significantly streamline inventory management. Additionally, automating compliance checks minimizes errors and disputes in supply chain operations. In essence, smart contracts are a powerful tool for improving efficiency and reducing costs in supply chain management.

## Boosting Security and Reducing Fraud

Security is a critical concern in supply chain management, and Blockchain technology addresses this issue head-on. **The use of cryptographic techniques in Blockchain ensures data security and protects against unauthorized modifications, mitigating security risks.** This makes Blockchain a robust solution against fraud, as its immutable ledger prevents alterations to transaction data.

The integration of Blockchain technology can also prevent losses and theft through its secure, tamper-proof immutable record-keeping. Whether it’s luxury goods or everyday items, the enhanced security provided by Blockchain reduces the risks associated with unauthorized access and data stored tampering.

Given the prevalence of data breaches, Bblockchain provides a secure and reliable solution for supply chain management.

## Real-Time Inventory Tracking and Management

Real-time inventory tracking is a game-changer for supply chain management. Blockchain technology allows for real-time tracking of goods, enhancing visibility across the entire supply chain. This real-time visibility addresses one of the most significant challenges in supply chain management - knowing the exact status of inventory at any given moment.

The integration of IoT devices with Blockchain enables real-time collected data monitoring and analysis in supply chain operations, including:

-   Tracking the condition of shipments, such as temperature and humidity, to ensure products meet required specifications,
-   Improving traceability,
-   Enhancing decision-making and responsiveness to issues.

Blockchain technology offers several advantages in supply chain management:

-   Automates processes and reduces administrative overhead,
-   Enables quick resolution of discrepancies in inventory due to access to reliable, real-time data,
-   Enhances transparency and reduces fraud risks,
-   Significantly lowers operational costs.

In summary, real-time inventory tracking and management enabled by Blockchain provide a comprehensive solution for improving supply chain efficiency.

## Case Studies: Successful Blockchain Implementations in Supply Management

Real-world case studies provide valuable insights into the practical benefits of Blockchain technology. **FedEx** and **UPS** are exploring Blockchain technology for logistics, leveraging its capabilities for enhanced supply chain management. These companies have found that implementing Blockchain can lead to increased transparency, improved efficiency, and enhanced security.

**Tracifier** is another example of successful Blockchain implementation, providing supply chain traceability solutions that offer visibility and accountability throughout the supply chain process. These case studies demonstrate that Blockchain technology continues to revolutionize supply chain management by offering practical solutions to real-world problems.

## Overcoming Challenges in Blockchain Adoption

Despite its numerous benefits, adopting Blockchain technology in supply chains comes with its own set of challenges. Scalability issues, such as the inability to process large transaction volumes without delays, are a significant concern. Integrating Blockchain solutions with existing systems can also be challenging due to limited developer availability.

Cost considerations are another hurdle. The expenses associated with the development and maintenance of a Blockchain network can be substantial, if not implemented properly. Regulatory uncertainty adds another layer of complexity, as the changing landscape of laws and regulations concerning Blockchain technology can create potential risks.

However, these key challenges are not insurmountable. By strategically addressing scalability issues and aligning Blockchain solutions with existing systems, companies can overcome these hurdles. The key to successful Blockchain adoption lies in understanding and mitigating several challenges while leveraging the technology’s transformative potential. The best way to fully utilize Blockchain potential is to partner up with an experienced team of Blockchain developers.

## Future Trends: Blockchain and Emerging Technologies

The future of supply chain management looks promising with the integration of Blockchain and emerging technologies. Combining IoT with Blockchain provides:

-   Greater transparency and traceability,
-   Real-time tracking and monitoring of every item,
-   Ensured optimal conditions,
-   Minimized risks.

The integration of AI with Blockchain takes this a step further by analyzing data for pattern recognition and optimizing processes. This combination improves automated workflow documentation and creates faster transactions. As Blockchain technology continues to evolve, its applications in supply chain management will become even more sophisticated, offering innovative solutions to complex challenges.

Currently, Blockchain technology is transforming supply chain management by enhancing data integrity and security. The combination of Blockchain with other emerging technologies will further revolutionize the business world, making supply chains more efficient, transparent, and secure. The future is bright for supply chain management with blockchain in supply chain at the helm.

## Summary

In summary, **Blockchain technology offers a multitude of benefits for supply chain management.** From enhancing transparency and traceability to improving efficiency with smart contracts, Blockchain addresses many of the challenges that supply chains face today. Real-time inventory tracking, boosted security, and reduced fraud are just a few of the advantages that make blockchain a game-changer.

As more companies adopt Blockchain, the ecosystem becomes more interconnected and efficient. Despite the challenges associated with its adoption, the potential benefits far outweigh the risks. The integration of Blockchain with emerging technologies promises to further revolutionize supply chain management, creating a more transparent, secure, and efficient future.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What is Blockchain technology, and how does it apply to supply chain management?

Blockchain technology is like a super-secure diary that everyone can see but no one can alter. In supply chain management, it means every step of your product's journey is transparent and tamper-proof, making it easier to track and trust the trail from creator to consumer.

### How does Blockchain improve transparency in supply chains?

Blockchain offers real-time, immutable records that build trust and keep everyone on the same page. With it, you can trace products back to their roots. No more shady sourcing, just pure transparency!

### What are smart contracts, and how do they improve supply chain efficiency?

Smart contracts are like your reliable friends who take care of tasks without needing reminders. They boost supply chain efficiency by automating payment processes and cutting out the middlemen, so you can focus on other crucial things.

### What future trends can we expect in Blockchain technology for supply chains?

Get ready to ride the wave of innovation, as Blockchain teams up with IoT and AI to bring unparalleled transparency and efficiency to supply chains! Buckle up, because the future is looking bright and incredibly smart!

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Are you wondering how Blockchain technology can improve supply management? Blockchain enhances transparency, boosts traceability, and increases efficiency in supply chains. This article explains how it works and presents successful case studies related to blockchain in supply management.

How Can Blockchain Help Your Business? Case #1: Supply Management

Marek, who's no stranger to being a speaker at various blockchain events, has been chosen to present during the Zero Knowledge & Cryptography track. His presentation showcases SnapVM, a system for verifiable on-chain LLM inference. He'll explain how it resolves real-world events using optimistic protocols, cryptographic guarantees, and infrastructure adaptable to other decentralized applications. 

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His presentation is scheduled for Monday, June 30th, at 10:20 CEST in the Taylor Stage WS. If you're attending, be sure not to miss it!

### About EthCC

EthCC is more than just a conference, it's a vibrant convergence of developers, researchers, founders, and enthusiasts shaping the future of Ethereum and decentralized technology. With a strong emphasis on knowledge sharing and open collaboration, EthCC has built a reputation as the go-to event for deep technical talks, innovative project showcases, and meaningful networking opportunities.

This year’s venue in Cannes brings a fresh coastal energy to the community, offering not just inspiring sessions but also a perfect backdrop for spontaneous conversations and partnership building.

Learn more about the event [here](https://ethcc.io/). See you in Cannes!

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Ethereum Community Conference is the largest annual event for the Ethereum crowd. This year, taking place in beautiful Cannes, the conference will host over 6400 attendees and almost 400 highly esteemed speakers. One of them is Rumble Fish' CEO/CTO, Marek Kowalski.

Rumble Fish is attending the EthCC[8] in Cannes

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A comparison of the best AI chatbot solutions available, reviewing their features, capabilities, and suitability for different business use cases.

AI chatbots are changing the way businesses interact with customers by providing instant, personalized support. This article will introduce you to the top AI chatbot solutions for 2025. You’ll learn how these tools can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction.

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An analysis of the leading blockchain development companies in 2025, evaluating their services, expertise, and industry impact.

Finding the best blockchain development company is crucial for your project’s success. We’ve compiled a list of factors to consider when looking for a trusted blockchain tech vendor. Let's dive right in!

Best Blockchain Development Company: Top Picks for 2025

Wondering who the top ZK-proof development companies are in 2025? This article reveals the leading firms that excel in zero-knowledge proof technology in blockchain.

## Key Takeaways

-   Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are like the magic cloak of confidentiality for transactions, ensuring privacy without sacrificing trust.
-   Top ZK-proof development companies must ace technical know-how, stay innovative, and have a project portfolio that dazzles — no room for slackers here!
-   Emerging trends like zk-SNARKs and hardware acceleration are the turbo boosters of ZKPs, driving the blockchain world toward rapid scalability and secure interoperability.

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## The Importance of Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Blockchain

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) significantly **enhance security, privacy, and scalability in blockchain applications.** They enable a party to demonstrate their knowledge of certain information without disclosing the actual data involved. This capability for safeguarding confidentiality marks a pivotal advancement in an increasingly critical era of data privacy. Imagine executing a transaction on the blockchain where details remain concealed yet validated as genuine - that’s the remarkable efficacy of ZKPs.

Incorporating zero-knowledge proofs within blockchain technology cultivates more secure and private digital platforms. In contexts like financial exchanges, **ZKPs are capable of verifying transactions’ integrity without exposing specific transactional information,** boosting both user privacy and trustworthiness. They contribute to enhanced scalability by expediting processing times - essential for broader acceptance of blockchain technologies.

Projects employing zk-rollups stand out due to their proficiency in bolstering performance while diminishing costs and fortifying security measures. By authenticating transactions anonymously, zk-rollups uphold blockchain authenticity while substantially cutting down on related expenses - a boon that results in streamlined and economical solutions across the chain.

Beyond mere monetary exchanges lies an expansive range of potential uses for zero-knowledge proofs - for instance**, ensuring supply chains validate product legitimacy without revealing trade secrets or sensitive company information.** Thus facilitating competitive advantage retention concurrently with adopting transparent and secure blockchains.

To summarize, zero-knowledge proofs represent a fundamental component destined to underpin future advancements in blockchain technology.

## Criteria for Evaluating Top ZK Proof Development Companies

When assessing the leading zero-knowledge proof development companies, various critical factors must be considered. At the top of this list is their level of technical mastery. **Implementing zero-knowledge proofs necessitates a profound comprehension of intricate cryptographic concepts.** The most proficient companies in this domain possess an advanced understanding of math and algorithms, which enables ZKPs to function effectively and securely.

Another pivotal element is innovation. As the arena of zero-knowledge proofs continues to expand swiftly, staying at the forefront is imperative for competitive success. Companies need to continuously explore uncharted territory within ZKP technologies or identify creative uses for current methodologies, ensuring they can deliver state-of-the-art solutions.

Examining a company’s track record through its project portfolio offers substantial evidence about its expertise — successfully navigating diverse challenges across numerous **Web3 projects** showcases versatility and skillfulness in delivering on complex requirements. Client testimonials and recurrent engagements also shed light on how dependable and effective these companies are – consistent positive feedback suggests not just meeting client needs but surpassing them.

These benchmarks serve as guiding principles for pinpointing prime candidates amongst zero-knowledge proof development companies setting trends in 2025.

## Leading ZK Proof Development Companies in 2025

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The landscape of ZK proof development is brimming with innovation and excellence in 2025. Several companies have emerged as leaders in this space, each bringing unique strengths and expertise to the table. Starting with **Rumble Fish’s focus on expert development services,** these companies are at the forefront of integrating zero-knowledge proofs into real-world applications.

Here’s what makes these companies stand out.

### Rumble Fish

Rumble Fish has established itself as a **premier developer of zero-knowledge proof technology,** earning recognition for their dedication to creating exceptional development services. This commitment has secured them the status of a reliable ally for enterprises seeking to utilize zk proof technology. A perfect example of their cutting-edge ZK-proof efficiency is [their Original Works case study, where they describe how they cut ZK-proof processing time from 16 hours to just 3 minutes](https://www.rumblefish.dev/case-studies/decentralized-ddex-registry-original-works/) using technologies like Risc Zero and Rust.

Possessing an impressive history and composed of seasoned professionals, Rumble Fish remains at the forefront in crafting cutting-edge solutions aimed at bolstering confidentiality and protection within the blockchain ecosystem.

### PixelPlex

​PixelPlex is actively engaged in the field of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), offering services and solutions that leverage this advanced cryptographic technique. They provide ZK Rollup Scaling Solutions, which enhance Ethereum's scalability by shifting computations off-chain, thereby increasing transaction throughput and reducing fees. Additionally, PixelPlex has developed DocFlow, a blockchain-powered document management system that utilizes optional ZKPs to ensure trust, privacy, and streamlined workflows. 

### Rapid Innovation

As a provider of ZK rollup layer-2 scaling solutions, Rapid Innovation offers top-tier blockchain services to projects looking to unlock their full potential in the Web3 space. Their team supports their customers from the initial stages and continues to provide ongoing assistance even after the ZK rollup network goes live for public use.

## Innovative Projects by Top ZK Proof Companies

The advancement of the zero-knowledge proof sector thrives on inventive progress, with numerous enterprises at the forefront executing pioneering ventures. These initiatives range from **robust authentication protocols to combined zkRollups and distributed identity frameworks,** all extending the scope of capabilities for zero-knowledge proofs.

We should delve into a few of the most stimulating endeavors currently underway in this domain.

### zkPass Oracle Protocol

The zkPass project utilizes the zkTLS framework to tackle privacy issues in online transactions by providing secure verification of private internet data. By maintaining the confidentiality of sensitive information throughout the verification stages, zkPass distinguishes itself as a pioneering initiative within the domain of zk proof technology.

### Aztec Hybrid zkRollup

The Aztec Network is revolutionizing the blockchain landscape with its hybrid zkRollup technology. By facilitating smart contract execution that can toggle between public and private states, it substantially improves the confidentiality of transactions on the Ethereum network. The core of this enhanced privacy is built upon zk-SNARKs, which underpin Aztec’s sophisticated privacy protocols.

By significantly increasing transaction throughput via simultaneous processing capabilities for multiple transactions, Aztec’s approach to zk rollups positions itself as a standout among other projects in this space. This directly addresses scalability issues often faced within blockchain technology - cementing Aztec’s status as one of the top zk rollup endeavors available today and making it an important project to keep an eye on in 2025 and beyond.

### RISC Zero

[RISC Zero](https://risczero.com/) is a general-purpose zkVM that uses zk-STARKs over the RISC-V architecture to generate verifiable proofs of arbitrary program execution. It enables developers to run familiar code (e.g., Rust) off-chain and produce zero-knowledge proofs that can be verified anywhere, including on-chain. The team has released an open-source zkVM, launched the Bonsai proving service, and secured partnerships across the Ethereum and modular blockchain ecosystems.

## Emerging Trends in Zero-Knowledge Proof Technology

The realm of zero-knowledge proofs is in a state of rapid evolution, with innovative trends and technologies frequently surfacing that hold the potential to transform the blockchain environment. Notably, zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs are at the forefront, offering promising enhancements to both scalability and cost-effectiveness for blockchain-based applications. **The integration of these advancements into ZKP systems is projected to lead to marked improvements in transaction speeds as well as overall scalability – pushing ZKPs toward greater accessibility and utility.**

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The advent of hardware acceleration technology enhances this landscape, markedly elevating cryptographic computation within ZKP frameworks. Given that generating zero-knowledge proofs can require intensive computational resources, such technological aids prove crucial by empowering developers with the means to **craft more robustly efficient scalable solutions centered on zero-knowledge cryptography.**

Interoperability emerges as another vital component driving wider acceptance of ZKPs. It serves an essential function by facilitating secure communication between disparate blockchain networks without unveiling sensitive transaction data, thereby knitting together a harmonized ecosystem conducive to conducting private transactions across varied platforms seamlessly.

Privacy-focused initiatives continue shaping how various sectors adopt ZKPs—most notably within the finance and healthcare arenas— solidifying their relevance. By early May 2024**, aggregate valuations soared beyond $21 billion among projects rooted in zero-knowledge crypto-tech alone -** a testament signaling intense growth prospects ahead for integrating such knowledge proofs extensively throughout blockchain industries worldwide. As recognition surges regarding their inherent advantages afforded through anonymity-preserving properties amongst stakeholders’ circles, we anticipate witnessing persistent strides forward in innovation coupled with heightened levels of investment targeting this cutting-edge field.

## Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting ZK Proofs

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The deployment of zero-knowledge proofs comes with significant hurdles. The most notable is the need for considerable technical expertise, as the incorporation of zk proofs requires a comprehensive grasp of cryptographic concepts that complicates and intensifies the resource demands during development. Consequently, this presents a substantial impediment to entities looking to integrate ZK proof technology. **Companies who are experts in the technology of ZKPs, like Rumble Fish, are a remedy to this particular challenge.**

Generating zero-knowledge proofs poses high computational requirements that can lead to inefficiencies, particularly in systems lacking robust processing capabilities, which may hinder scalability. There are compatibility challenges due to different cryptographic standards and protocols across blockchain networks when trying to implement ZKPs within these existing infrastructures.

The potential for innovation remains vast, with zero-knowledge proofs offering unmatched advantages regarding privacy enhancement, security improvement, and cost reduction associated with transactions. **Zero-knowledge enables discreet transactions while fostering more secure and scalable solutions on blockchain platforms.** With applications ranging from decentralized finance (DeFi) all the way through supply chain management, among others, there’s an expansive horizon for innovations using zk proof technologies as they progress over time.

## Summary

Zero-knowledge proofs are catalyzing a significant shift in the blockchain sector by bolstering its security, enhancing privacy measures, and improving scalability. **Industry leaders such as Rumble Fish, RISC Zero, and Pixelplex spearhead this transformative phase with their cutting-edge approaches that expand the capabilities of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology.** These innovations unlock a plethora of use cases for ZKPs, ranging from secure confidential transactions to robust decentralized identity checks.

As we anticipate future advancements, it’s evident that zk proof technologies hold promising prospects for breakthroughs. Despite any obstacles faced along the way, room is abundant for inventive progress. The substantial influence zero-knowledge proofs exert on the blockchain infrastructure is undeniable. There is much enthusiasm about what lies ahead for zero-knowledge technology - a realm filled with untapped potential waiting to be explored.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What are zero-knowledge proofs?

A zero-knowledge proof lets someone (the prover) prove to another person (the verifier) that a certain statement is true without revealing any additional information beyond the fact that it's true.

ZKPs are powerful because they provide **privacy**, **security**, and **verifiability** all at once.

You can:

-   Prove your identity without exposing your credentials.
-   Show that a transaction is valid without revealing its contents.
-   Demonstrate that a computation was done correctly without rerunning it or exposing the inputs.

### **Types of ZK Proofs**

1.  **zk-SNARKs** – Succinct, fast to verify, but need a trusted setup.
2.  **zk-STARKs** – Scalable, transparent (no trusted setup), and post-quantum secure.
3.  **Bulletproofs, Halo, PLONK, etc.** – Variants with different tradeoffs in speed, setup, and size.

### How do zero-knowledge proofs enhance blockchain security?

Zero-knowledge proofs enhance blockchain security by allowing transactions and computations to be verified without exposing sensitive data. This means users can prove ownership, validity, or compliance (like age or account balance) without revealing the actual values involved. By enabling off-chain computation with on-chain verification, ZKPs reduce the risk of fraud while improving scalability. They also protect user privacy, which is often lacking in transparent blockchains like Ethereum. Overall, ZKPs strengthen trustless systems by ensuring correctness without sacrificing confidentiality or decentralization.

### What are zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs?

zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs are both types of zero-knowledge proofs, but they have different design tradeoffs in terms of performance, transparency, and security.

![zk-snark-vs-zk-stark.png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/zk_snark_vs_zk_stark_1cfd4f86c2.png)

🧬 **zk-SNARKs**

-   Stands for: Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge
-   They are compact (small proof size) and quick to verify.
-   Require a trusted setup - an initial secret setup phase that, if compromised, could undermine security.
-   Generally more mature and widely used today (e.g., in Zcash, zkSync).
-   Efficient for smart contracts because the proofs are small and cheap to verify on-chain.

🔭 **zk-STARKs**

-   Stands for: Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge
-   They are transparent - no trusted setup is needed, making them more secure in the long term.
-   Post-quantum secure, meaning they're resistant to future quantum attacks.
-   Proofs are larger than SNARKs but scale better with large computations.
-   Used by projects like Starknet and RISC Zero for more complex or large-scale proofs.

In short:

-   SNARKs are small and fast but need setup,
-   STARKs are larger but safer and scale better.

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A ranking of the top companies specializing in zero-knowledge proof development and implementation services in 2025.

Wondering who the top zk proof development companies are in 2025? This article reveals the leading firms that excel in zero-knowledge proof technology in blockchain.

Top ZK Proof Development Companies to Watch in 2025

Need the best smart contract development companies for your blockchain projects? This article highlights the top-rated firms among the top smart contract development companies in 2025, offering you a reliable guide to finding experts who can deliver secure and efficient solutions.

## Key Takeaways

-   Smart contracts: The future of agreements — self-executing, tamper-proof, and as breezy as a spring day but not for the faint of heart to develop.
-   Picking the right smart contract company is like dating — it’s all about proven expertise and a strong track record to avoid a disaster in the long run.
-   Security first, custom solutions second: Whether integrating smart contracts for DeFi or other purposes, ensure your chosen partner values audits and robust service with a tailor-made flair.

## Understanding Smart Contracts

![An overview of smart contracts and their significance in blockchain technology.](https://images.surferseo.art/29b744cf-972a-4ec2-8db9-60501a3f973d.png)

Imagine a realm where contractual agreements are self-fulfilling, executing the stipulated conditions autonomously without any need for human oversight. This is the domain of smart contracts – these automated contracts are coded and embedded within the blockchain, providing transparency, robust security measures, and heightened efficiency.

The advantages that come with smart contracts include:

-   Streamlining operations through automation,
-   Diminishing reliance on intermediaries,
-   Greatly bolstered security due to minimized risks associated with manual mishaps or intentional manipulations.

Crafting smart contracts is a sophisticated endeavor. Mastery over blockchain technology is paramount, and it often calls for individualized solutions designed to meet particular commercial requirements.

It’s crucial to acknowledge the significance and capabilities of smart contracts when selecting someone to collaborate with in development. An adept partner can materialize your concept into existence by creating custom-tailored smart contracts that integrate seamlessly with your operational needs.

## Leading Smart Contract Development Companies in 2025

Selecting an expert smart contract development company is vital to the triumph of your blockchain endeavor. The foremost companies in this domain are pioneers, assisting businesses to achieve their objectives by providing cutting-edge smart contract solutions. For such a critical choice, it’s necessary that the company demonstrates established expertise and has a robust history of success.

The following represents the leading smart contract development companies as of 2025.

### Rumble Fish

Specializing in the creation of secure and scalable smart contracts, Rumble Fish provides a wide range of services designed to cater to different industry requirements, guaranteeing project success. They employ blockchain developers that mastered the art of EVM chains smart contract development. The Rumble Fish team is proficient in technologies like Rust, Solidity, and Vyper. Their satisfied customers are the best confirmation of their agility and high professionalism. See the scope of their blockchain development services [here](https://www.rumblefish.dev/services/blockchain-software-development/).

### Synodus

Synodus stands out as a top-tier blockchain enterprise within the APAC area, renowned for its expertise in smart contracts, decentralized applications (dApps), and DeFi solutions. The company extends its custom smart contract services to numerous sectors, such as finance, healthcare, and supply chain management, while delivering secure DeFi applications and adept dApp creation.

### Pixelplex

Pixelplex specializes in crafting cutting-edge smart contracts that are customized to suit a variety of infrastructures. They prioritize research and development heavily, guaranteeing that their solutions are flawlessly incorporated within various commercial frameworks.

Having completed noteworthy projects, Pixelplex has established itself as a distinguished entity in the field of smart contract development.

### Solulab

Solulab provides tailored smart contract solutions designed to cater to the specific requirements of different businesses. They employ programming languages such as Solidity and Rust to create strong and adaptable smart contracts that serve a range of corporate purposes.

### Antier Solutions

Antier Solutions stands out in the field of smart contract development, serving a variety of industries with excellence. By providing customized solutions for sectors such as real estate and logistics, Antier Solutions significantly bolsters transparency and automation. These innovations facilitate more efficient, reliable transactions by leveraging smart contracts within supply chain management processes.

### EvaCodes

EvaCodes excels in creating secure smart contracts that are scalable and customized to meet the unique requirements of businesses, focusing on sectors such as real estate, gaming, and healthcare. To guarantee the dependability of their smart contracts, EvaCodes implements a stringent auditing procedure.

### Peiko

Peiko is recognized for its expertise in cutting-edge smart contract development, providing various engagement models tailored to meet the diverse requirements of different projects. The company’s proficiency is highlighted through significant initiatives like IGT’s stock and digital asset exchange platform, demonstrating their capacity to execute intricate blockchain solutions effectively.

### Webisoft

Webisoft excels in crafting bespoke smart contracts on blockchain platforms like Ethereum and Polkadot, along with specializing in the creation of NFT marketplaces. They are proficient in devising blockchain-enabled smart contracts.

### NetSet Software

Canadian NetSet Software excels in providing smart contract solutions, drawing upon their substantial expertise in smart contract development to meet diverse business requirements. Their portfolio includes impressive initiatives such as the dApp for Betfolio, which demonstrates their capacity for innovation within the realm of smart contracts.

### TokenMinds

Located in Singapore, TokenMinds specializes in smart contract development and adopts a cooperative method that keeps clients engaged throughout the process. They provide custom development solutions tailored to meet the specific business requirements of their clientele.

## Key Considerations for Choosing a Smart Contract Development Company

Selecting a suitable smart contract development company necessitates confidence in their reliability and established proficiency. It is essential to assess the firm’s record of security audits and adherence to sector-specific norms for satisfactory safety measures.

It is vital that tailored solutions are provided that cater specifically to the distinctive necessities and stipulations of your project. We will explore these critical factors further.

![6.jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/6_c1c38e1920.jpg)

### Expertise and Experience

Expertise in widely-used programming languages is crucial for successful smart contract development, particularly on the Ethereum platform. The ability to craft scalable, secure, and efficient smart contracts plays a pivotal role in the success of projects.

Understanding the nuances of different industries enables developers to customize solutions that meet sector-specific needs, such as those in real estate, finance, and healthcare. A history of successful projects builds confidence and establishes dependability.

### Security and Auditing

Security is paramount in smart contract development to prevent financial losses or data breaches. For businesses handling significant value, security audits are essential to ensure contract safety. Adhering to best coding practices helps prevent vulnerabilities.

Companies like Tech Alchemy, Labrys, Webisoft, and NetSet Software, a software development company, specialize in building secure smart contracts and adhering to industry standards.

### Custom Solutions and Tailored Services

Custom software development guarantees that smart contracts are specifically designed to cater to individual project requirements and tackle distinct business obstacles. Firms such as:

-   Rumble Fish, which delivers bespoke solutions for diverse blockchain uses,
-   MetaLamp, focused on the creation of DeFi platforms,
-   Leewayhertz, recognized for its work in NFT tokenization and secure implementation via tailored software development.

These entities offer a variety of services aimed at assisting enterprises in understanding and utilizing the intricacies of blockchain technology.

Hyperlink Infosystem, Rumble Fish, and NetSet Software also supply custom-developed blockchain solutions that ensure their smart contracts are not only safe but also fine-tuned for performance and adhere to industry regulations.

![7.jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/7_637b28b8a9.jpg)

## Evaluating Reputation and Reviews

Prior to engaging with a smart contract development company, it is important to scrutinize their past work and client testimonials. Reviews offer valuable perspectives on the caliber of service and dependability offered by the company. For reliable reviews, platforms such as Clutch are suitable options alongside direct case studies from previous clients.

It’s essential that a distinguished smart contract development firm provides extensive security evaluations and resilience checks for solid end products. Methods like thorough manual code examination, automated scans for vulnerabilities, and rigorous penetration tests play pivotal roles in reducing potential threats while upholding safety standards.

The significance of community opinions cannot be overstated when assessing the standing of a smart contract developer. Interaction with former customers, along with an assessment of their feedback, can yield crucial information regarding the reputation of the firm as well as its proficiency in delivering high-quality development services.

## Summary

Selecting the right smart contract development company is crucial for the success of your blockchain projects. Understanding the power of smart contracts, evaluating the expertise and security practices of potential partners, and considering custom solutions tailored to your needs are key factors in making an informed decision.

As the world of blockchain technology continues to evolve, the importance of secure, efficient, and innovative smart contract solutions cannot be overstated. By partnering with the best smart contract development companies, you can ensure the success of your blockchain endeavors and be at the forefront of this revolutionary technology.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What are smart contracts?

Smart contracts are basically the digital butlers of the blockchain world - executing agreements automatically without any need for a middleman.

Just sit back and let the code do the talking!

### Why is security important in smart contract development?

Security is crucial in smart contract development to avoid financial losses and data breaches, so don’t skip those audits - they’re your contract’s best friend!

### How do I choose the right smart contract development company?

To snag the perfect smart contract development company, check their expertise, security chops, custom solutions, and client reviews - it’s like dating but with fewer red flags!

Trust me, a solid portfolio will save you from a blockchain breakup!

### What industries can benefit from smart contracts?

Smart contracts are like magic wands for industries such as finance, healthcare, real estate, and supply chain, waving away inefficiencies and bringing in a sprinkle of security.

So, who wouldn’t want a little touch of that?

### What are some top smart contract development companies in 2025?

In 2025, the smart contract scene is buzzing with talent from Synodus to Rumble Fish Software Development - it’s a digital party you won’t want to miss!

So grab your contracts, and let these top companies handle the smartness!

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A ranking and analysis of the leading smart contract development companies, evaluating their expertise, technology stacks, and project portfolios.

Need the best smart contract development companies for your blockchain projects? This article highlights the top-rated firms among the top smart contract development companies in 2025, offering you a reliable guide to finding experts who can deliver secure and efficient solutions.

The Best Top Smart Contract Development Companies in 2025

Ever wondered how you can prove something without revealing the actual information? Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) make this possible. In this article, we explore zero-knowledge proof use cases in blockchain, finance, healthcare, online voting, and supply chains. See how ZKPs are redefining privacy and security in these critical fields.

## Key Takeaways

-   Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) allow you to prove you know something without spilling the beans - like showing you can unlock a safe without revealing the code.
-   ZKPs are the cloak of invisibility for blockchain privacy, enabling secure transactions and compliance without exposing sensitive details - just ask Zcash and Nightfall. Or talk with Rumble Fish's team to help you with this issue.
-   From voting to healthcare, ZKPs are revolutionizing privacy across sectors by letting users authenticate or verify without laying their secrets bare.

## Understanding Zero-Knowledge Proofs

![LinkedIn Post Image (60).png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/Linked_In_Post_Image_60_a43923f4d9.png)

Zero Knowledge Proofs are a standout feature in the realm of cryptography, functioning as an innovative way for one entity – dubbed the Prover – to affirm their knowledge to a second party known as the Verifier. All this happens without disclosing any underlying data. It’s comparable to verifying your ability to unlock a safe but not divulging its combination. What’s intriguing is that through zero-knowledge cryptographic methods, both privacy and security are greatly reinforced during this verification process. Delving into how these proofs operate will amplify your appreciation for such pioneering technology and the protocols it employs.

Intriguingly, ZKPs captivate with three foundational attributes: completeness, soundness, and zero knowledge itself. With completeness at play, you have an assurance that a truthful statement by an honest prover can be convincingly validated by the verifier, soundness serves as protection against deceitful provers passing off falsehoods as truth, while Zero-Knowledge upholds that no surplus insights beyond simple validation of truthfulness shall be disclosed, only confirmation of accuracy ensues from correct statements proven true under scrutiny. This combination fortifies ZKPs’ prowess in providing top-tier confidentiality alongside robust safeguarding.

To break down how Zero-Knowledge Proofs function tactically. The information-possessing party crafts a declaration they present without exposing sensitive details contained within – similar to sending over proof through mathematical formulations instead of direct raw data exposure. This savvy strategy ensures crucial info remains shielded while still validating possession or awareness without compromise - a feat showcasing intelligence inherent within zero-knowledge protocol deployment strategies.

## Enhancing Blockchain Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proofs

Blockchain technology is renowned for its robust transparency and security features, yet it also poses distinct privacy issues. Zero-Knowledge Proofs step in to bolster privacy on blockchain platforms by substantiating claims while keeping sensitive information under wraps. Imagine a scenario where the validity of your financial activities is confirmed without any disclosure of the specifics – this exemplifies the capabilities brought forth by zero-knowledge proof innovation.

Consider Zcash as an instance, which integrates zk-SNARK - a variant of Zero-Knowledge Proof - to facilitate anonymous transaction verification among users. In a similar vein, The Nightfall Project employs zk-rollups to preserve secrecy during transaction processes within Ethereum’s blockchain framework. These practical applications reflect how ZKP technologies operate effectively in real-life scenarios involving blockchains, assuring both user confidentiality and safe data-sharing mechanisms.

![LinkedIn Post Image (3).jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/Linked_In_Post_Image_3_b4f5b387f1.jpg)

ZKPs prove essential for adhering to regulatory requirements as they enable institutions to demonstrate their understanding of client identities (KYC) alongside compliance with anti-money laundering standards (AML), all while safeguarding private information from exposure. This harmony between preserving privacy rights and meeting legal obligations renders ZKPs invaluable within the realm of blockchain systems - whether that concerns validating transactions or upholding data discretion - and illustrates how ZKP technology continues shaping more secure environments conducive to protecting individual data across various blockchain networks.

## Financial Transactions and Confidentiality

In the world of digital finance, keeping financial transactions private is a critical concern. Zero-knowledge proofs enable this privacy by allowing for the verification of transaction authenticity without exposing any specific transaction details. Imagine being able to demonstrate that you have enough money to complete a purchase without having to disclose your total account balance – this is how ZKPs protect delicate financial data.

Take ING as an example. It allows its clients to verify that their income falls within a specified range, yet it does not require them to divulge precise numbers. This advanced method guarantees personal information remains secret while still confirming essential details. By diminishing the expenses associated with safeguarding financial transactions, zero-knowledge proofs render confidential dealings more accessible and cost-effective in settings where regulation is mandatory.

Platforms dedicated to privacy such as Tornado Cash are scrutinized legally because there’s worry about their role in potentially abetting money laundering and other unlawful acts. The U.S. Treasury has gone so far as imposing sanctions on Tornado Cash due to allegations regarding its involvement with state-backed cybercrime schemes. Such developments underscore significant challenges related to ensuring cryptocurrency transaction anonymity while adhering strictly to regulatory standards.

## Secure Online Voting Systems

Imagine an environment in which you can partake in online voting with unwavering trust regarding the security and legitimacy of that activity. Zero-knowledge proofs enable a decentralized approach to casting votes, empowering every participant to authenticate vote validity while maintaining confidentiality. Such advancements place paramount importance on secure data sharing and protected communication within the realm of electronic voting.

Within these ZKP-enhanced electoral frameworks, individuals have the capability to confirm accurate acknowledgment of their ballot without disclosing its particulars. This is actualized via cryptographic methods designed to thwart any interference with votes whilst upholding election integrity. For instance, systems like I-Voting conceal voter identity prior to tallying, reinforcing anonymity protection for each individual’s decision.

By safeguarding personal privacy, these mechanisms diminish potential coercion or intimidation threats, granting electors the freedom to confidently divulge their selections without concern over negative consequences. Zero-knowledge proofs permit third-party auditors independent examination rights concerning electoral procedures and outcomes – bolstering overall transparency as well as reliability within such processes. As illustrated by this advanced technology application example, zero-knowledge proofs hold transformative power over our methodology for managing and securing democratic elections.

## Protecting Healthcare Data Privacy

The protection of healthcare information is paramount to thwart identity theft and prevent data breaches. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) significantly enhance security within the healthcare sector by allowing authorized entities to share data securely, without exposing any underlying details. This method ensures that while vital information can be accessed when necessary, patient confidentiality remains intact.

For example, MedRec - MIT’s blockchain initiative for medical data sharing - utilizes zero-knowledge proofs to authenticate patient records in a manner that doesn’t compromise sensitive details. By doing so, it guarantees privacy and secures communication channels among healthcare providers who need access only to particular aspects of treatment histories rather than entire medical files. This balances privacy with informational accuracy.

ZKP technology aids in preserving anonymity during collaborative efforts in medical research by facilitating secure data sharing - a process that inherently decreases the likelihood of unauthorized access or breaches occurring as researchers validate shared information. As the emphasis on safeguarding individual privacy grows ever more pressing, ZKP technology emerges as an instrumental tool for shielding delicate health-related information whilst ensuring effective and safe exchanges of such data amongst concerned parties.

## Improving Authentication Mechanisms

Our digital personas are safeguarded by authentication protocols, and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are revolutionizing the way we establish our identities. By utilizing ZKPs, individuals can confirm their identity without actually disclosing their passwords, which greatly minimizes the likelihood of them being stolen. Imagine accessing your account while keeping your password entirely hidden – that is what zero-knowledge access control offers.

![LinkedIn Post Image (4).jpg](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/Linked_In_Post_Image_4_9bad2bc646.jpg)

Within biometric security systems, ZKPs enable users to prove who they are without having to store their original biometric information, thereby lessening the possibility of it being stolen. In other words, even if a hacker were able to infiltrate the system for verification purposes, they’d be unable to extract any sensitive biometric data. Zero-knowledge proofs offer a secure and confidential means for confirming one’s identity that allows people to utilize services while maintaining anonymity.

Zero-knowledge proofs give users greater authority over their private information and mitigate concerns linked to breaches of data security and thefts of identity. This advanced cryptographic technique upholds both secure communication channels as well as proper access controls whilst preserving user confidentiality.

## Strengthening Supply Chain Traceability

Ensuring the authenticity and preservation of product quality across a variety of sectors is fundamental, which makes supply chain traceability indispensable. Zero-knowledge proofs play an essential role in authenticating and maintaining data integrity within these supply chains by allowing validation without exposing confidential information. Consequently, consumers are able to confirm product origins while being shielded from full exposure to the intricacies of the entire supply process.

In practice, for example, producers can demonstrate that components conform to specific benchmarks without having to disclose exhaustive details about their supply chain partners. This proves particularly valuable in sectors such as pharmaceuticals and food production where it’s crucial to validate ingredient legitimacy. In this context, ZKPs offer a technique for preserving private information while simultaneously verifying accuracy within the supply chain records.

The adoption of zero-knowledge proof technology allows businesses not only to fortify data integrity but also to bolster secure exchanges along their distribution networks. Such advancements cultivate trust among customers and regulatory agencies by assuring that products adhere to high-quality standards while safeguarding sensitive industry or operational intelligence.

## Powers of Tau Ceremony and Its Significance

The Powers of Tau Ceremony plays a crucial role in bolstering the security framework for Zero Knowledge Proof protocols. By engaging multiple parties in creating a shared reference string, this ceremony minimizes the chances of any individual participant jeopardizing the integrity of the setup. Its significance lies in its assurance that at least one honest actor is involved, which reinforces overall protocol security.

Recent advancements such as optimistic pipelining have revolutionized this procedure by permitting simultaneous contributions from participants, thus expediting the entire process. This has redefined the Powers of Tau Ceremony from an arduous task to a collective and interactive event, boosting engagement and accessibility among users.

With Zero-Knowledge Proofs becoming increasingly popular, ceremonies like the Powers of Tau are indispensable for maintaining cryptographic standards’ credibility. They lay down the critical groundwork necessary for developing highly secure and reliable ZKP applications for future technologies.

## Challenges Faced by Tornado Cash

Tornado Cash, a platform designed to increase privacy through the use of Zero Knowledge Proofs, has encountered substantial legal and security hurdles. As a cryptocurrency mixer, it enables users to obscure their transactions by depositing funds from one account and withdrawing them from another address. This function has sparked concerns regarding its alignment with anti-money laundering laws due to possible connections with unlawful activities.

In an effort to preserve transactional anonymity, Tornado Cash has come under intense examination by government entities because of suspected links with cybercriminal operations backed by nation-states. These issues underscore the fine line that must be navigated between ensuring user privacy in digital currency dealings and complying with regulatory standards.

The situation surrounding Tornado Cash serves as a warning for other platforms prioritizing privacy on the need for stringent security protocols and compliance adherence.

## Comparing The Confidential Transactions and Nightfall Project

In the realm of blockchain transaction privacy, both Consensys’ Confidential Transactions project and EY’s Nightfall Project have marked significant advancements. The Confidential Transactions initiative concentrated on conducting transactions with concealed balances to keep financial dealings confidential. Nevertheless, its widespread adoption was hindered by challenges in user-friendliness.

Conversely, the Nightfall Project matured into a zk-rollup protocol which boosted both scalability and confidentiality for transactions on Ethereum. By emulating the UTXO Model within an Ethereum smart contract framework, Nightfall exemplified a viable method for maintaining privacy without sacrificing transactional efficiency.

While tackling similar concerns over privacy, these initiatives leverage divergent technical methods that underline ZKP technology’s adaptability and promise. A comparative analysis between them underscores how Zero Knowledge Proofs can be creatively applied to fortify security and discretion in financial exchanges. Where Confidential Transactions prioritized encryption techniques, Nightfall capitalized on zk-rollups to concurrently amplify scale and maintain secrecy - reflecting the dynamic growth in applications of Zero Knowledge concepts.

## Summary

Zero Knowledge Proofs have emerged as a powerful cryptographic tool for enhancing data privacy across various domains. From blockchain technology to financial transactions, healthcare data, and online voting systems, ZKPs offer a robust solution for verifying information without revealing sensitive details. Their applications extend to authentication mechanisms and supply chain traceability, showcasing their versatility and potential.

As we navigate an increasingly digital world, the importance of data privacy cannot be overstated. Zero Knowledge Proofs provide a path forward, balancing the need for security and transparency with the imperative of privacy. Embracing ZKP technology can lead to more secure and trustworthy systems, fostering greater confidence in our digital interactions.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What are Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)?

Zero-Knowledge Proofs are like showing off your winning lottery ticket without actually sharing the numbers—proof without the spoilers! They let you confirm you know a secret without spilling the beans.

### How do ZKPs enhance blockchain privacy?

ZKPs are like ninjas in the blockchain world - they stealthily confirm transactions while keeping all the juicy details under wraps.

So, you can enjoy your digital secrets without anyone peeking!

### Can ZKPs be used in financial transactions?

Absolutely! ZKPs can keep your financial secrets safer than a squirrel with its acorns, proving transactions are valid without spilling any juicy details.

### How do ZKPs improve online voting systems?

ZKPs are like a magic cloak for your votes - keeping them secure and anonymous while ensuring they’re legit!

With this trick up their sleeves, online voting becomes a fortress against tampering.

Ever wondered how you can prove something without revealing the actual information? Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) make this possible. In this article, we explore zero-knowledge proof use cases in blockchain, finance, healthcare, online voting, and supply chains. See how ZKPs are redefining privacy and security in these critical fields.

Top Zero-Knowledge Proof Use Cases for Stronger Data Privacy

Discover the top web3 companies in Poland. This article highlights innovative firms, their blockchain solutions, and the impact on different industries in Poland’s emerging web3 landscape.

## Key Takeaways

-   Poland is jazzing up the Web3 scene with a mix of startups and established players crafting innovative blockchain solutions that are eyeing global attention.
-   From smart contracts to e-commerce tweaks, Polish companies are using Web3 tech to streamline operations and enhance security, proving that the future is not just decentralized but also pretty darn efficient.
-   With a supportive regulatory framework and a tech-savvy workforce, Poland is poised to grow its Web3 ecosystem at a whopping 28.54% annually, making it a hotspot for investors and innovators alike.

## Leading Web3 Innovators in Poland

Poland is emerging as a hub for innovative Web3 companies, showcasing a diverse range of successful projects that leverage blockchain technology across various sectors. These companies are gaining international attention for their innovative solutions and successful implementations.

From startups to established enterprises, the Polish Web3 landscape is as dynamic as it is promising.

### Blockchain Development Companies

Several blockchain development firms in Poland specialize in providing innovative solutions in decentralized finance and smart contracts. They are at the forefront of creating unique blockchain-based solutions that cater to a wide array of industries.

These companies are helping to shape the future of decentralized finance, offering more secure and efficient ways to manage transactions and digital assets.

### Early-Stage Companies to Watch

Early-stage Web3 companies in Poland are fostering innovation across diverse sectors, integrating blockchain solutions that enhance efficiency and transparency. With increasing interest from venture capitalists and a supportive ecosystem, these startups are poised to make a significant impact on the industry.

They are uniquely positioned to influence the future of Web3 with their fresh ideas and groundbreaking technologies.

### Established Web3 Enterprises

Well-established Web3 companies in Poland have demonstrated a strong track record of delivering blockchain solutions across multiple sectors. These enterprises are driving innovation and showcasing the potential of Web3 technologies.

With significant financial interest from investors, these companies are at the forefront of creating unique solutions tailored to various industries.

## Pioneering Solutions for Web3 Businesses

Poland is emerging as a significant player in the Web3 space, with predictions indicating that decentralized technologies will enhance transparency and security in various sectors. Web3 companies in Poland are leveraging innovative blockchain solutions to address specific industry challenges and enhance operational efficiency.

These solutions promise to transform operations and create a new revenue stream for business models across various sectors.

### Next Generation Financial Services

Several blockchain development firms in Poland specialize in creating decentralized solutions for financial services and digital asset management. These platforms offer innovative financial products that challenge traditional banking systems, providing users with more control over their assets and reducing transaction costs.

Innovations in blockchain technology are driving the development of next-generation financial services in Poland.

### E-commerce and Digital Assets

Web3 companies in Poland are leveraging blockchain to enhance e-commerce security, ensuring transparent transactions and protecting consumer data. These startups are utilizing blockchain to improve transaction security and enhance the traceability of digital assets in e-commerce.

With projections indicating substantial market growth, blockchain is set to revolutionize the e-commerce industry in Poland.

### Smart Contracts and Automation

Smart contracts are increasingly used by Polish businesses to automate transactions, significantly decreasing operational risks. These contracts help to streamline operations, minimize risks associated with manual processes, and enhance transparency in various sectors.

Smart contracts enable companies to automate workflows, minimize human error, and boost operational speed.

## Case Studies: Success Stories from Poland

Real-world examples of successful Web3 implementations in Poland demonstrate the transformative power of blockchain technology. These case studies highlight how Polish Web3 companies are overcoming challenges and achieving significant milestones in finance, e-commerce, and business automation.

### Example 1: Revolutionizing Finance

Alior Bank became the first in Poland to implement a public blockchain solution for document authentication. This innovation addresses the durable medium issue in the financial sector, enhancing security and transparency.

Such advancements signal a transformative shift towards more resilient and transparent financial practices in Poland.

### Example 2: Leveling Up the Web3 Development Processes

All of the progress we've seen over the last few years wouldn't be possible without one crucial thing - the development teams. Poland is known all over the world for its highly skilled, very professional, and hard-working software engineers. It's a known market for hiring teams with the best ratio of quality to pricing. One of the Polish software houses that stand out on the Web3 market is Rumble Fish. Known for their uniquely skilled blockchain developers who can solve any pain point on the Web3 product development roadmap, Rumble Fish is an established company with a wide portfolio of satisfied customers. They specialize in EVM blockchains and have a unique ability and skillset to work on the intersection of blockchain and AI.

### Example 3: Enhancing E-commerce

A Polish e-commerce platform is implementing a blockchain network to provide secure and transparent supply chain tracking, enhancing consumer trust in product authenticity. Another startup successfully utilized blockchain to create a unique rewards system, driving customer engagement and retention.

Blockchain technology is revolutionizing the e-commerce industry by providing enhanced security and transparency.

### Example 4: Automating Business Processes

A notable example from Poland showcases a company that implemented smart contracts to streamline supplier transactions, resulting in significant time savings. Another company employed smart contracts to automate client onboarding processes, cutting down the time taken for paperwork and approvals.

These implementations led to notable improvements in operational efficiency and a reduction in time-consuming tasks.

## Building a Thriving Web3 Ecosystem in Poland

Poland is home to a vibrant Web3 landscape, featuring companies that leverage blockchain technology across various industries. The growth rate of the Web3 sector is projected at 28.54% annually, highlighting its expanding influence in Poland.

This thriving ecosystem is driven by supportive regulations, access to talent, and a collaborative community.

### Supportive Regulatory Environment

Poland is progressively enhancing its legal framework to better accommodate blockchain technologies and digital assets. The Polish government is actively working to create a regulatory environment that minimizes barriers for blockchain startups and fosters innovation.

The upcoming ‘Polish Crypto Assets Market Act’ aims to streamline regulations for Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASP) ahead of the EU’s MiCA legislation.

### Access to Talent and Education

Poland has a vibrant tech community with increasing educational resources focused on blockchain and Web3 development. The country boasts a growing number of educational programs focused on blockchain technology, helping to cultivate a skilled workforce for the Web3 sector.

Poland ranks as one of the top countries in Europe for engineering and IT graduates, providing a strong talent pool for Web3 enterprises.

### Collaboration and Community

The Web3 landscape in Poland promotes a collaborative environment, encouraging partners among startups, investors, and tech companies. Active networking events and meetups among Web3 startups are fostering collaboration and innovation within the sector.

Engaging with local tech communities and international partnerships enhances the global reach of Polish Web3 startups.

## Challenges Faced by Web3 Companies in Poland

Polish Web3 startups encounter numerous difficulties in securing funding as they progress beyond the initial stages. Addressing these challenges is essential for the sustainability and future growth of Web3 companies in Poland.

The primary challenges include navigating regulatory compliance, managing security risks, and scaling business operations.

### Navigating Regulatory Compliance

Regulatory compliance is a fundamental aspect for Web3 businesses in Poland, significantly influencing their operational capacities. The Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) oversees Web3 companies, ensuring market stability and adherence to local financial regulations.

These businesses must navigate complex regulations that often lack clarity, requiring them to stay continuously informed and agile in their compliance strategies.

### Managing Security Risks

Blockchain technology introduces unique security challenges, including vulnerabilities in smart contracts that can be exploited for financial gain. Web3 companies must address these vulnerabilities, ensuring that their blockchain systems are robust and secure.

Effective security measures are crucial for protecting digital assets and maintaining user trust.

### Scaling Business Operations

Web3 firms in Poland face challenges in scaling operations due to limited access to venture capital and resources. Scaling operations is also challenged by limited access to skilled talent and technological infrastructure that supports rapid business growth.

Gaining customers’ trust is crucial for expanding the user base and scaling operations successfully.

## The Future of Web3 in Poland

The future of Web3 in Poland looks incredibly promising. Experts predict that the Polish Web3 ecosystem will see increased collaboration among startups, investors, and educational institutions, leading to a more vibrant marketplace.

The trend of integrating Web3 technologies across various sectors is expected to accelerate, contributing to economic growth and innovation in Poland.

### Emerging Technologies

Emerging technologies are set to revolutionize the Web3 landscape in Poland, shaping how businesses and individuals interact with digital ecosystems. AI integration in Web3 projects increased from 27% to 34% between 2023 and 2024, indicating a trend towards automation and efficiency.

Companies are focusing on decentralized user profiles and verifiable credentials, enhancing privacy and security in Web3 applications.

### Investment Opportunities

Poland’s growing economy and proactive regulatory changes are making it a key player in the Web3 landscape across Europe. Investment in Polish Web3 startups is projected to rise significantly, as venture capitalists seek out innovative solutions in the blockchain sector.

Funds like Genblock Capital, which focuses on decentralized finance, are tuning into the evolving Web3 ecosystem.

### Global Impact

Polish Web3 companies are well-positioned to contribute to global blockchain initiatives due to their strategic location within the European Union. The convergence of emerging technologies such as AI and blockchain is expected to provide new opportunities for Web3 developers, enhancing Poland’s global influence in the tech industry.

This integration will help drive innovation and set new standards in the digital world.

## Summary

Poland is rapidly emerging as a hub for Web3 innovation, driven by a combination of cutting-edge blockchain development companies, early-stage startups, and established enterprises. These companies are leveraging blockchain technology to create innovative solutions in finance, e-commerce, and business automation, transforming how industries operate.

As we look to the future, the continued collaboration among startups, investors, and educational institutions will further solidify Poland’s position in the global Web3 landscape. With a supportive regulatory environment, access to top talent, and a thriving community, the potential for growth and innovation in Poland’s Web3 sector is boundless. The journey ahead is filled with opportunities, and we can’t wait to see what the future holds!

## Frequently Asked Questions

### Why is Poland becoming a hub for Web3 innovation?

Poland is the cool kid on the Web3 block, thanks to its friendly regulations, a talent pool that could fill a stadium, and a tech scene that’s buzzing with creativity. Who wouldn’t want to hang out where innovation thrives?

### What are some examples of successful Web3 implementations in Poland?

Poland is rocking the Web3 scene with Alior Bank's nifty document authentication on the blockchain, an e-commerce platform streamlining supply chains, and smart contracts jazzing up supplier transactions. Blockchain: making life easier, one transaction at a time!

### What challenges do Web3 companies in Poland face?

Web3 companies in Poland are wrestling with regulatory red tape, security headaches, and a stingy venture capital scene. It’s like trying to dance the tango in a crowded elevator—awkward and full of pitfalls!

### How are emerging technologies influencing the Web3 landscape in Poland?

Emerging technologies like AI and blockchain are shaking up Poland's Web3 scene, making digital living a lot slicker, safer, and more private. It’s like upgrading from a clunky flip phone to the latest smartphone—everything just works better!

### What investment opportunities exist in Poland's Web3 sector?

Poland's Web3 sector is buzzing with investment opportunities, especially in decentralized finance and cutting-edge blockchain innovations, attracting keen venture capitalists like Genblock Capital. It's a tech-savvy treasure trove waiting for adventurers like you!

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Discover the top web3 companies in Poland. This article highlights innovative firms, their blockchain solutions, and the impact on different industries in Poland’s emerging web3 landscape.

Top Web3 Companies in Poland to Watch in 2025

Searching for the top 10 blockchain development companies in Poland? This article highlights the leading firms in 2025 known for their top-notch blockchain solutions, expertise, and client satisfaction.

## Key Takeaways

-   Poland’s blockchain scene is booming with top-tier blockchain development experts with tons of experience and deep industry knowledge.
-   Smart contracts and advanced protocols are revolutionizing business efficiency, ensuring secure and automated processes that save time and money. Blockchain is a groundbreaking technology that can be utilized in various different ways - it's not limited to crypto only.
-   Integrating blockchain and AI is the secret sauce for competitive advantage, leading to innovative solutions that boost security and functionality in digital transformations. Only a few companies in the Polish market can do it right - Rumble Fish being at the forefront of this tech synergy.

## Top 10 Blockchain Development Companies in Poland

Poland hosts some of the most innovative and highly rated blockchain development companies in the industry. Here are the top 10 firms making a significant impact.

![ed40ab3c-0718-40a2-9d58-c485ae10f670.png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/ed40ab3c_0718_40a2_9d58_c485ae10f670_1bae099278.png)

### Rumble Fish

Location: Kraków

Rumble Fish is a blockchain and AI development house specializing in crafting bespoke, custom solutions for clients of all sizes and industries. Established in 2017 in Kraków, they have been focused on blockchain technology since the early days. Their main field of expertise is EVM blockchains and the integration of AI with blockchain. One of the strengths of Rumble Fish's expert devs is the mentorship of their CTO, Marek Kowalski, who is a known industry expert in all things blockchain. See one of his latest speaking engagements [here.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YjPgVtZXR8)

With a customer portfolio full of cutting-edge startups as well as established corporations, Rumble Fish proves their ability to work on projects of any scale. Their deep knowledge of AWS and other cloud providers makes them a perfect partner for projects that require efficient scaling.

### 4soft

Location: Wrocław

4soft is a blockchain development company that offers custom apps and integrations. Their preferred cooperation model is team augmentation or product development. They also designed and developed their own product, 4energy - a platform for comprehensive energy management.

### Nextrope

Location: Gdynia

Nextrope specializes in blockchain development for various industries, like real estate or logistics. They are also big on NFTs, tokenization, and Metaverse development. Founded in 2016, Nextrope became one of the most recognizable blockchain houses in Poland.

### Ulam Labs

Location: Wrocław

Ulam Labs proudly takes its name from a Polish mathematician, Stanisław Ulam, known for paving the way for using computers in calculations. The company focuses on blockchain development, with emphasis on Ethereum, Solana, and Algorand.

### Blocklabs

Location: Szczecin

Blocklabs is a dedicated blockchain development company specializing in DeFi, smart contracts, and NFT marketplaces. Their solutions cater to businesses looking for innovative and secure blockchain applications.

### **imapp**

Location: Warsaw

imapp is a blockchain development company that provides innovative solutions in decentralized finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and enterprise blockchain applications. They focus on delivering scalable and secure blockchain infrastructure for businesses.

### Concise Software

Location**:** Rzeszów

Concise Software is a leading blockchain development firm that provides high-quality blockchain solutions, including smart contracts, DeFi applications, and enterprise blockchain integration. They focus on creating secure and scalable blockchain systems for a wide range of industries.

### Innowise

Location: Warsaw

Innowise is a globally recognized software development company specializing in blockchain solutions. They provide end-to-end blockchain services, including smart contract development, decentralized applications, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

### Akena

Location: Kraków

Akena is an emerging blockchain development company specializing in enterprise blockchain solutions, smart contract development, and decentralized applications. Their innovative approach and focus on security make them a valuable partner for businesses adopting blockchain technology.

### **Pragmatic Coders**

Location: Kraków

Pragmatic Coders is a Polish software development company specializing in creating bespoke digital solutions for fintech, healthcare, and blockchain. The company focuses on developing scalable, secure, and compliant digital products for various industries.

## Expert Blockchain Solutions for Business Growth

Blockchain technology goes beyond cryptocurrencies, empowering businesses with innovative solutions that drive growth and efficiency. Blockchain development companies leverage decentralized platforms to boost efficiency, allowing stakeholders to monitor transactions on a public ledger for accountability and transparency. Client testimonials frequently highlight the effectiveness of blockchain solutions in improving user experiences and streamlining operations, cementing the reputation of these top firms.

Integrating blockchain technology helps businesses achieve digital transformation goals and remain competitive in an evolving market. This seamless integration sets these companies apart and drives business success.

## Custom Software Development and Blockchain Integration

Custom software development is crucial for effective blockchain integration. The consulting phase defines the project scope and identifies suitable solutions, making premier software development involvement essential. Effective deployment strategies minimize downtime and ensure smooth transitions from development to operation, utilizing advanced research solutions. Ongoing support and maintenance are essential for sustained blockchain application performance post-launch.

## Premier Software Development Houses in Poland

Poland hosts numerous premier software development houses specializing in custom software development and web development, making it a hub for innovative digital solutions. These companies are known for their expertise and commitment to delivering top-notch software solutions as a custom software development company.

Poland is home to some of the most advanced software development companies that have set high standards in blockchain technology. These firms leverage cutting-edge solutions to deliver secure, scalable, and efficient blockchain applications for various industries, including fintech, healthcare, and logistics. Their contributions are helping Poland establish itself as a global leader in blockchain development.

## Smart Contract Development and Implementation

Smart contracts revolutionize business operations by automating processes and enhancing transaction security and efficiency. Blockchain development companies lead in ensuring these digital agreements are secure and scalable.

Auditing services are essential in smart contract development to identify and rectify potential vulnerabilities before deployment. Firms use advanced cryptographic techniques to ensure transaction integrity and confidentiality on blockchain platforms.

Leveraging blockchain technology, businesses can achieve decentralized governance and streamline operations, reducing costs through automation. These innovative solutions make smart contract development essential in the blockchain landscape.

## Full Cycle Development Company Services

![9788e5ec-8f60-4f33-927b-4f86b8484d46.png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/9788e5ec_8f60_4f33_927b_4f86b8484d46_0f0c4a15cb.png)

Full cycle development covers the entire software development life cycle, from initial consultation to ongoing support.  This comprehensive approach ensures that every development aspect is handled with expertise and precision.

Business analysis aligns the software engineering with client objectives before development begins. The design focuses on creating user-friendly interfaces, adhering to the best UX/UI practices tailored to users’ needs. Quality assurance is integrated throughout the full cycle, ensuring testing occurs at every stage to catch defects early and deliver a high-quality final product.

Post-deployment support is crucial in the full-cycle development process, providing maintenance and updates based on user feedback and performance metrics. Companies offering full-cycle services provide flexibility, allowing clients to modify requirements throughout the project. This approach ensures incremental development with continuous feedback and adjustments at every stage.

## Web and Mobile App Development with Blockchain

Blockchain technology enhances security and reliability in web and mobile app development. Advanced cryptographic techniques make it nearly impossible for hackers to breach, providing a secure environment for web applications. Blockchain-based websites achieve higher reliability as the distributed network reduces server failure risks.

Development teams are focusing on multi-chain solutions that enable interoperability between different blockchain networks, fostering collaboration and shared knowledge among developers. The open-source nature of blockchain further enhances this collaborative environment, promoting collective decision-making and innovation. By integrating blockchain technology into web and mobile applications, these companies provide innovative solutions that enhance user engagement and operational efficiency.

## Advanced Technologies and Blockchain Solutions

Integrating advanced technologies like AI with blockchain offers innovative digital solutions, enhancing the functionality of crypto wallets and other blockchain applications. This AI-blockchain combination is crucial for companies to maintain a competitive edge in today’s tech-driven market. Rumble Fish is one of the most advanced players when it comes to integrating blockchain and AI.

Blockchain technology enhances data security by using cryptographic algorithms to protect information from unauthorized access, making it essential for digital transformation. Companies excelling in digital transformation and data security leverage these technologies to offer cutting-edge solutions that empower clients and enhance business operations.

Adopting advanced technologies like AI and secure blockchain frameworks is crucial for businesses looking to stay competitive. These technologies offer numerous benefits, including improved data security, enhanced functionality, and innovative solutions that drive business growth.

## Proven Track Record and Client Testimonials

Client testimonials are vital for evaluating the reliability and success of blockchain development companies. One notable testimonial highlighted how a blockchain company improved the client’s operational efficiency, significantly decreasing processing time. Such testimonials offer valuable insights into the practical benefits of blockchain solutions.

A significant case study detailed how a company successfully implemented a blockchain solution, resulting in a 30% increase in supply chain transparency for its client. These success stories reinforce the trust and reputation of blockchain development companies among potential clients.

Overall, testimonials and case studies showcase the proven track record of these companies, making them reliable partners for businesses looking to integrate blockchain technology.

## Empowering Businesses with Decentralized Platforms

![63dbbbc8-7234-4713-8031-372ba98e69ed.png](https://strapi-uploads-staging-aldnr.rumblefish.dev/63dbbbc8_7234_4713_8031_372ba98e69ed_1b2ab0c5c0.png)

Decentralized platforms transform business operations by distributing decision-making authority among users, enhancing transparency and trust. Blockchain supports the development of decentralized applications (dApps), providing innovative solutions and enhancing user engagement.

Blockchain companies adopt tokenization strategies to represent assets digitally, enhancing liquidity and accessibility in various markets. Smart contracts benefit sectors like finance, supply chain, and real estate by offering faster and more secure transaction processes. The decentralized nature of blockchain promotes transparency, allowing users to see how their data is used and shared.

Clients frequently report increased operational transparency and trust after integrating blockchain solutions into their processes. By empowering businesses with decentralized platforms, blockchain development companies drive innovation and growth in a challenging market.

## Summary

In summary, Poland’s blockchain development companies are at the forefront of innovation, offering a wide range of solutions that drive business growth and efficiency. From custom software development to smart contract implementation, these companies are setting new standards in the industry.

The integration of advanced technologies like AI and blockchain is empowering businesses to stay competitive and achieve their digital transformation goals. Client testimonials and case studies highlight the proven track record of these companies, reinforcing their reputation as reliable partners. As we look to the future, the potential for blockchain technology is limitless. By embracing decentralized platforms and innovative solutions, businesses can navigate the challenging market landscape and thrive in the digital era.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What makes Poland a hotspot for blockchain development?

Poland is a blockchain hotspot because it’s got top-notch development companies that are not just innovative but also deliver high customer satisfaction. Basically, if you want solid solutions wrapped up in happy smiles, Poland's the place to be!

### How do blockchain solutions drive business growth?

Blockchain solutions supercharge business growth by boosting operational efficiency, security, and transparency—making your digital transformation feel like a walk in the park!

### What are the benefits of custom software development in blockchain?

Custom software development in blockchain gives your business a turbo boost with tailored security, scalability, and performance tailored just for you. It’s like having a bespoke suit for your tech needs—sharp, efficient, and ready to impress!

### Why are smart contracts important for businesses?

Smart contracts are the secret sauce for businesses, automating processes while boosting security and efficiency. If you want to streamline transactions and keep everything above board, they’re a must-have!

### How do decentralized platforms empower businesses?

Decentralized platforms sprinkle a bit of magic on businesses by sharing decision-making power, boosting transparency, and stirring up innovation with dApps. Who wouldn't want to be part of that?

top-10-blockchain-companies.png

Searching for the top 10 blockchain development companies in Poland? This article highlights the leading firms in 2025 known for their top-notch blockchain solutions, expertise, and client satisfaction.

Top 10 Blockchain Development Companies in Poland - 2025 Ranking

**Combining AI and blockchain is revolutionizing data security, operational efficiency, and transparency across various industries. This article explores how AI and blockchain combined can enhance data integrity, streamline operations, and lead to innovative solutions in sectors like finance, supply chain, and healthcare.**

## **Key Takeaways**

-   The integration of AI and blockchain enhances data security, integrity, and operational efficiency, creating robust systems that are secure and decentralized.
-   AI improves the capabilities of smart contracts and supply chain management while blockchain ensures transparent and immutable data storage.
-   Challenges such as data privacy, scalability, and interoperability remain significant barriers to the widespread adoption of AI and blockchain technologies.

## **The Synergy of AI and Blockchain**

Combining AI and blockchain technology is like merging the best of two worlds. Blockchain technology, with its immediate, shared, and transparent exchanges of encrypted data, serves as a robust foundation. It acts as a shared and permanent ledger for data encryption, making it nearly impossible to manipulate, deceive, or hack. Integrating AI into this framework enhances security, transparency, and operational efficiency across various industries, creating systems that are immutable, secure, and decentralized.

Despite the largely unexplored potential of this integration, it presents new opportunities for development and innovation. Imagine AI’s predictive capabilities and machine learning algorithms working in tandem with blockchain’s decentralized infrastructure. This combination can lead to more sophisticated data analytics, seamless integration of business processes, and enhanced decision-making capabilities.

Next, we will explore the specific benefits of integrating AI and blockchain, focusing on enhanced data security, improved data integrity, and increased operational efficiency.

### **Enhanced Data Security**

One of the primary benefits of combining AI with blockchain technology is the significant enhancement of data security. AI’s predictive capabilities can analyze patterns and forecast potential vulnerabilities, thereby preventing fraudulent activities and ensuring the integrity of the blockchain network. AI algorithms can identify irregularities within blockchain data to enhance security measures and protect sensitive information from potential threats.

Additionally, using blockchain-based storage within AI systems promotes transparency and reliability. Blockchain serves as a reliable, transparent source of refined data, which is crucial for AI systems to improve data management and security. This synergy ensures that data storage and management are secure, reducing the risk of compromising data privacy.

### **Improved Data Integrity**

Another crucial benefit of combining AI and blockchain technology is improved data integrity. AI helps verify the accuracy of historical data before storing it on the blockchain, ensuring it remains precise and reliable. This verification process improves compliance within blockchain networks, ensuring consistent and trustworthy data usage.

The immutable nature of blockchain technology means that once data is stored, it cannot be altered. This immutable record is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the underlying data, ensuring that historical data remains untainted and reliable. AI’s role in verifying data accuracy before it is recorded on the blockchain further strengthens this integrity.

### **Increased Operational Efficiency**

Merging artificial intelligence with blockchain technology greatly enhances operational efficiency. AI can automate decision-making processes, leading to streamlined business processes and reduced costs associated with manual operations. This automation minimizes the potential for errors, enhancing the overall performance and competitiveness of businesses.

Furthermore, this efficiency leads to better resource allocation and more effective supply chain management. By leveraging AI’s predictive capabilities and machine learning algorithms, businesses can fully realize the potential of their operations, leading to enhanced productivity and profitability.

## **Key Use Cases of AI and Blockchain Integration**

The integration of AI and blockchain technology is poised to revolutionize a multitude of industries. This rapidly growing market is projected to expand significantly, with [an estimated annual growth rate of 23.64%](https://www.precedenceresearch.com/blockchain-ai-market). Businesses that integrate AI in blockchain applications gain enhanced operational efficiency, data accuracy, and information security.

From finance to supply chain management, the potential applications of AI and blockchain integrations span various use cases. AI mines data, creates patterns, and discovers data behavior to enhance blockchain capabilities. This combination provides improved analytics and decentralization benefits, leading to innovative solutions in different sectors.

### **Supply Chain Management**

The integration of AI and blockchain technology offers significant benefits for supply chain management. AI-driven analytics helps optimize inventory management and make data-informed decisions, improving overall efficiency. Blockchain networks improve supply chain tracking by offering a distributed ledger that enhances transparency. Overcoming integration challenges between AI and blockchain can lead to improved operational efficiency in supply chain management, transforming the business world.

### **Healthcare Innovations**

AI and blockchain technology are making waves in the healthcare industry, offering new possibilities for improving data performance and efficiency. AI analyzes health data patterns, resulting in more accurate diagnoses and personalized treatment plans. Meanwhile, blockchain secures and distributes this data, guaranteeing privacy and integrity.

Federated learning allows collaborative training of AI models while ensuring decentralized data storage, and enhancing privacy. Together, AI and blockchain facilitate personalized treatment plans while improving data privacy and management, revolutionizing healthcare.

## **Enhancing AI Models with Blockchain**

Blockchain technology offers unmatched data provenance, securing the integrity of training data and AI model outputs. By facilitating transparent records of AI models, blockchain enables the analysis of audit trails and immutable data ledgers, promoting trust and reliability.

AI improves the speed of data queries on the blockchain, promoting efficiency in data access and utilization. This integration is likely to result in more sophisticated data analytics, fostering better decision-making and enhancing advanced AI models.

### **Secure Training Data**

Blockchain technology can serve as a decentralized repository, enhancing the trustworthiness of datasets used for training machine learning models. By preventing unauthorized alterations to training datasets, blockchain ensures that AI models learn from accurate and reliable information.

Additionally, blockchain enables data-sharing agreements, allowing multiple parties to contribute to AI training while preserving data privacy. This secure data management fosters user trust and enhances the integrity of AI models.

### **Decentralized AI Networks**

Decentralized AI networks use blockchain technology to foster a collaborative environment for innovation. Blockchain enhances collaboration in AI development by providing a platform for shared models and results without central oversight.

Blockchain supports the establishment of trust among participants by enhancing data provenance in decentralized AI networks. This allows users to trace the origins and modifications of shared datasets, ensuring fairness in the allocation of computational resources.

## **Overcoming Challenges in AI and Blockchain Integration**

The integration of AI with blockchain is often limited by various technological and regulatory hurdles. These challenges affect adoption and functionality across different sectors, hindering the full potential of combining these technologies. A lack of standardized protocols and frameworks creates significant challenges in interoperability, affecting the seamless exchange of data between different blockchain networks.

### **Data Privacy Concerns**

Data privacy is a significant concern when integrating AI and blockchain technology. AI adds monitoring for anomalies and immediate mitigation measures to blockchain security. Secured multi-party computations (SMPC) enable private data analysis while preserving privacy in AI and blockchain applications.

Advanced techniques such as GAN cryptography protect communication channels using neural networks, enhancing privacy in data exchanges. However, the absence of standard protocols can impede effective communication and integration of AI systems across various blockchain networks, posing risks to data privacy.

### **Scalability Issues**

Scalability remains a critical challenge in integrating AI with blockchain technology. The limitations of processing speed and data storage pose significant hurdles. In a federated learning setup, discrepancies or malicious activity can further complicate scalability.

One effective solution is to use the auditable on-chain information trail to trace the source of discrepancies, ensuring accountability and reliability. Additionally, exploring solutions such as layer 2 scaling and sharding can enhance the transaction capacity of blockchain systems used in AI applications.

### **Interoperability Barriers**

Interoperability between different blockchain systems is crucial for the seamless integration of AI and blockchain technology. However, various silos and the variety of protocols and consensus mechanisms employed by different networks pose significant hurdles. Ensuring effective interoperability while maintaining scalability and performance is a major challenge for developers.

AI can assist in overcoming these interoperability challenges by automating the translation of data between different blockchain protocols. AI’s predictive capabilities can also identify and resolve potential issues in cross-chain communications, enhancing reliability.

## **Future Trends in AI and Blockchain**

The combination of AI and blockchain is spurring growth across various sectors, and it is projected to become a billion-dollar industry within the next decade. AI models enhance the security and integrity of the underlying data. They also streamline workflows with smart contracts, maintaining their position as technical trailblazers.

### **AI in Urban Planning**

AI combined with blockchain can enhance decision-making processes in urban planning by providing transparent data management. This combination is vital for optimizing urban planning and improving infrastructure management.

Transparent data management ensures that all stakeholders have access to reliable information, leading to better resource allocation and infrastructure management.

### **Generative AI and Blockchain**

Generative AI models, which create original content, are reshaping creative industries by providing innovative solutions and ideas. Integrating blockchain technology with generative AI models enhances transparency and security in the creation and distribution of content. This combination allows for the unique verification of original content, ensuring authenticity and combating intellectual property theft in creative fields.

The synergy between generative AI and blockchain has the potential to revolutionize content generation, making it more secure and efficient.

## **Summary**

The integration of AI and blockchain technology offers transformative benefits across various sectors. Enhanced data security, improved data integrity, and increased operational efficiency are just some of the advantages of combining these powerful technologies. Key use cases, such as smart contracts automation, supply chain management, and healthcare innovations, demonstrate the significant impact of this integration on industry practices.

Looking towards the future, AI and blockchain are set to drive substantial growth and innovation. Urban planning and generative AI are just two examples of how these technologies can revolutionize traditional processes and create new possibilities. As challenges related to data privacy, scalability, and interoperability are addressed, the full potential of AI and blockchain integration will be realized, paving the way for a more secure, efficient, and innovative digital landscape.

## **Frequently Asked Questions**

### **What are the main benefits of integrating AI and blockchain technology?**

Integrating AI and blockchain technology offers enhanced data security and integrity, alongside increased operational efficiency. This powerful combination can lead to significant advancements across industries like finance, supply chain management, and healthcare.

### **What challenges are associated with integrating AI and blockchain technology?**

Integrating AI and blockchain technology is challenging due to data privacy concerns, scalability issues, and interoperability barriers. Addressing these challenges is essential for seamless integration and widespread adoption.

### **How can blockchain technology improve AI models?**

Blockchain technology can significantly enhance AI models by ensuring the integrity and transparency of training data, thereby improving trust in the datasets utilized. This leads to more reliable AI outputs and promotes confidence in the decision-making processes powered by these models.

### **What future trends can we expect in AI and blockchain integration?**

You can expect AI and blockchain integration to enhance urban planning through improved decision-making and infrastructure management, while generative AI combined with blockchain will transform content creation by ensuring authenticity and security.

benefits-of-blockchain-mixed-with-AI-mini.png

benefits-of-blockchain-mixed-with-AI.png

Combining AI and blockchain is revolutionizing data security, operational efficiency, and transparency across various industries. This article explores how AI and blockchain combined can enhance data integrity, streamline operations, and lead to innovative solutions in sectors like finance, supply chain, and healthcare.

Top Benefits of AI and Blockchain Combined

**The Rust programming language offers the perfect blend of safety, speed, and concurrency. Developed by Mozilla, Rust ensures memory safety without compromising performance, making it ideal for everything from web development to embedded systems. This article will help you get started with Rust, dive into its unique ownership concept, and leverage key resources to master the language.**

## **Key Takeaways**

-   Installing Rust is streamlined through rustup, which sets up the compiler and package manager, facilitating easy integration across platforms.
-   Mastering Rust requires practical coding experience combined with understanding its unique concepts like ownership, borrowing, and references, supported by hands-on resources.
-   Effective debugging and error handling in Rust utilize static analysis and specific error categorization, enhancing code reliability through tools like Clippy and Rustfmt.

## **Getting Started with Rust Programming Language**

Embarking on your journey with the Rust programming language is both exciting and rewarding. Rust is designed to help developers write faster, more reliable software and its robust tooling and documentation make it accessible for newcomers and experienced programmers alike. From installing Rust to understanding its unique concepts, this section covers the essential first steps.

First, we’ll go over the installation process to make sure you have the necessary tools. Next, we’ll explore Rust’s core concepts to establish a solid foundation for your programming journey. Finally, we’ll point out the key documentation that will serve as your main resources while learning Rust. Let’s get started!

### **Installing Rust**

Installing Rust is straightforward with rustup, the official installer. Rustup ensures you get the latest stable version of Rust along with essential tools. Simply download _rustup-init.exe_ and follow the prompts. This sets up Rust, the Rust compiler, and Cargo, Rust’s package manager.

For those using Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), Rust can be installed via a terminal command using curl, easily integrating into your existing development environment. Whether on Windows, macOS, or Linux, rustup ensures a seamless installation, letting you focus on learning Rust without the hassle of complex setups.

### **First Steps in Rust**

With Rust installed, the next step is to understand its unique concepts. Central to Rust are the principles of ownership, borrowing, and references. These ensure memory safety without a garbage collector, setting Rust apart from many other languages. Grasping these basics is essential as you start your Rust journey.

Tools like Rustlings and Rust By Example facilitate learning Rust with practical coding exercises and examples. Rustlings provides hands-on exercises to help you understand Rust’s syntax and concepts directly in your development environment. Rust By Example focuses on runnable code snippets to illustrate key concepts. These resources are invaluable as you begin programming in Rust.

### **Core Documentation**

Rust’s comprehensive documentation is one of its strongest assets. Access the core documentation locally with the command ‘rustup doc’. This opens up a wealth of resources, including the Rust Programming Language book, Cargo book, and rustdoc documentation. Each resource covers different aspects of Rust, offering detailed guidance and examples.

The Rust Programming Language book stands out as a comprehensive guide, walking you through projects and enhancing your understanding as you progress. For those interested in embedded systems, the Embedded Book provides specific guidance on using Rust for microcontrollers.

These resources will be your companions as you delve deeper into Rust, offering insights and examples to help you master the language.

## **Building Proficiency in Rust**

Building proficiency in Rust requires more than just understanding its syntax; it involves practical application and exploring advanced topics. Rust is supported by a variety of tools and resources that assist beginners in learning the language. From practical coding exercises to exploring different application domains, this section will guide you through the steps to enhance your Rust skills.

We’ll begin with practical coding exercises to reinforce your understanding of Rust’s concepts. Next, we’ll explore the various domains where Rust excels, such as WebAssembly and embedded systems. Finally, we’ll delve into advanced topics, offering a deeper understanding of Rust’s capabilities and nuances.

### **Practical Coding Exercises**

Hands-on practice is essential for mastering any programming language, including Rust. Tools like Rustlings provide exercises designed to teach you Rust’s syntax and concepts practically. By working through these exercises in your development environment, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of Rust’s unique features.

Rust By Example is another valuable resource, focusing on practical code examples over lengthy descriptions. This approach lets you see Rust’s concepts in action through runnable code snippets that illustrate key ideas and use cases. These practical exercises are crucial for building your proficiency in Rust programming.

### **Application Domains**

Rust’s versatility shines through in its various application domains. One exciting area is WebAssembly, where Rust enables developers to create high-performance, browser-compatible libraries. This opens up new possibilities for web development, allowing you to write efficient code that runs seamlessly in the browser.

Beyond WebAssembly, Rust is highly effective for systems programming and embedded systems. Its performance and safety features make it ideal for developing high-performance applications and microcontroller programming. These domains highlight Rust’s capability to tackle diverse programming challenges with ease.

### **Advanced Rust Topics**

As your knowledge of Rust deepens, exploring advanced topics is crucial. The Rust Reference offers detailed insights into the language’s design and functionality, providing more depth than the main Rust book. It’s an invaluable resource for understanding the intricacies of Rust’s syntax and behavior.

For those interested in unsafe Rust, the Rustonomicon is the go-to manual. It covers advanced topics related to unsafe code, providing guidelines for cautious usage. Additionally, the Unstable Book documents experimental features available in nightly releases, allowing exploration of cutting-edge functionalities. These resources are key to mastering the more complex aspects of Rust programming.

## **Contributing to the Rust Community**

Contributing to the Rust community is a rewarding way to enhance your learning and give back to the ecosystem. Developers can participate in experiments and contribute to Rust’s development on platforms like GitHub. This not only helps shape the future of Rust but also enriches your learning experience by engaging with the community.

We’ll begin with the contribution guidelines, explaining how you can contribute to Rust documentation and projects. Next, we’ll emphasize the importance of translation efforts, which make Rust accessible to a broader audience. By getting involved, you’ll join a vibrant community passionate about the future of programming.

### **Contribution Guidelines**

Contributing to the Rust book and other documentation is a great way to start. To build the Rust book, you’ll need to install mdBook and use the same version as rust-lang/rust. Two plugins enhance the formatting and functionality of the book, and running the tests ensures everything works as expected. The output will be found in the subdirectory labeled “book.” Please check there for the files.

For detailed guidelines, refer to CONTRIBUTING.md, which outlines the process for submitting corrections and ensuring the online version matches the printed one. New contributors can seek assistance in the #new members Zulip stream, a dedicated space for questions and support. This welcoming environment makes it easier to start and make meaningful contributions.

### **Translation Efforts**

Translation efforts are crucial for making Rust documentation accessible globally. Translating Rust documentation into various languages is encouraged, and contributors can join existing efforts or start new ones. Collaborating with other volunteers ensures accurate and consistent documentation across languages, broadening Rust’s reach and impact.

## **Debugging and Error Handling in Rust**

Effective debugging and error handling are critical in Rust programming. Rust categorizes errors into recoverable and unrecoverable types, allowing for tailored handling strategies. The compiler performs static analysis to catch memory-related errors at compile time, preventing problematic code from running. This proactive approach significantly reduces bugs and enhances code reliability.

Clippy, Rust’s linting tool, is invaluable for identifying potential issues and suggesting improvements. By integrating Clippy into your workflow, you can catch common mistakes and adhere to best practices, ensuring your code is efficient and error-free.

### **Common Errors and Solutions**

Rust’s unique ownership and borrowing rules can lead to common errors, especially for newcomers. One frequent mistake is trying to modify immutable variables, which can be resolved by declaring them as mutable. Understanding Rust’s ownership model is essential, as it dictates that a variable can only be used once it’s returned from a function; trying to use it again results in an error.

Another common error occurs when attempting to borrow a variable as both mutable and immutable in the same scope, violating Rust’s borrowing rules. Familiarizing yourself with these errors and their solutions will better equip you to write robust, error-free code.

### **Using Rust's Error Handling Features**

Rust takes a distinctive approach to error handling, categorizing errors into recoverable and unrecoverable types. Recoverable errors, like a file not found, are managed using the Result<T, E> type, which allows for error reporting and retries. Unrecoverable errors are handled using the panic! macro, indicating bugs that require program termination.

Best practices for error handling in Rust include using pattern matching to manage different outcomes of operations effectively. Leveraging Rust’s error-handling features allows you to write code that gracefully handles failures and maintains stability in the face of unexpected conditions.

## **Experimenting with Rust**

Experimenting with Rust’s cutting-edge features can significantly enhance your learning experience. Rust offers experimental features that developers can enable to explore new functionalities and concepts. These features, while not yet part of the stable release, provide a glimpse into Rust’s future and allow you to experiment with the latest updates.

Engaging with these experimental features fosters personal growth in programming skills and contributes to the broader Rust community. By providing feedback on these features, you help shape the evolution of the Rust programming language.

### **Experimental Features**

Enable Rust’s experimental features through feature flags in the Cargo.toml file, allowing developers to test and provide feedback on potentially valuable additions. Specify the desired features in your project’s configuration to access innovations that may not yet be part of the stable release. These features can significantly enhance development capabilities, offering improved performance and new functionalities.

However, using experimental features comes with potential risks, such as stability issues and bugs that are pretty close to what developers might encounter in other scenarios. Developers must weigh the benefits against these risks, ensuring their projects remain stable while experimenting with cutting-edge functionalities.

Carefully managing these experimental features allows you to leverage their advantages without compromising the integrity of your codebase.

### **Participating in Experiments**

Participation in Rust experiments is a voluntary and rewarding experience. Users can provide feedback through interactive quizzes designed to gauge their understanding. Additionally, participants can highlight text and leave comments in experimental content, helping improve the learning experience for others.

Engaging in these experiments contributes to the continuous improvement of Rust and provides insights into its evolving features.

## **Spellchecking and Code Quality**

Maintaining high code quality is crucial in any programming language, and Rust is no exception. Various tools and methods ensure your code is correct and adheres to coding standards. These tools catch errors early, making your development process more efficient and your code more reliable.

We’ll explore automated spellchecking tools and code quality tools like Rustfmt and Clippy, which significantly enhance your code’s readability and maintainability. These tools improve the overall quality of your projects and ensure your code meets the high standards expected in the Rust community.

### **Automated Spellchecking**

Automated spellchecking is a vital part of maintaining code quality. The script used to check for spelling errors in Rust source files is spellcheck.sh, which can be found in the ci directory. This script requires a dictionary of valid words, provided in the ci/dictionary.txt file.

By configuring the spellcheck.sh script, you can automatically catch and correct typographical errors in your Rust source code, ensuring that your documentation and comments are error-free.

### **Code Quality Tools**

Rustfmt is a tool that automatically formats Rust code according to style guidelines, helping maintain a consistent code appearance. By ensuring that the codebase adheres to predefined style guidelines, Rustfmt improves readability and maintainability. This tool is an essential part of any Rust developer’s toolkit, making it easier to collaborate on projects and review code.

Clippy, another crucial tool, provides helpful suggestions for code improvements and enforces coding standards. Clippy’s customization options allow developers to enable or disable specific lints based on project needs. By integrating Rustfmt and Clippy into your workflow, you can maintain high code quality and adhere to best practices, ensuring your Rust projects are both efficient and maintainable.

## **Summary**

Throughout this guide, we’ve explored the essentials of mastering the Rust programming language. From installing Rust and understanding its core concepts to engaging with practical exercises and exploring advanced topics, you now have a solid foundation to build upon. Rust’s unique approach to memory safety, performance, and concurrency makes it a powerful tool for modern software development.

As you continue your journey with Rust, remember that the community is a valuable resource. Whether you’re contributing to documentation, participating in experiments, or simply seeking help, the Rust community is there to support you. Embrace the opportunities to learn, grow, and contribute, and you’ll find that mastering Rust is both an achievable and rewarding endeavor.

## **Frequently Asked Questions**

### **What makes Rust different from other programming languages?**

Rust stands out due to its focus on memory safety and concurrency while delivering performance similar to C, making it a robust choice for system-level programming.

### **How do I install Rust on my system?**

To install Rust on your system, use rustup, the official installer. Download rustup-init.exe for Windows or run the appropriate terminal command with curl for Linux.

### **What are the core concepts I need to understand in Rust?**

To effectively understand Rust, focus on key concepts such as ownership, borrowing, and references, as they are essential for ensuring memory safety without relying on a garbage collector. Mastering these principles will greatly enhance your programming proficiency in Rust.

### **How can I contribute to the Rust community?**

To contribute to the Rust community, engage in experiments, offer feedback, and translate documentation; additionally, use GitHub to report bugs or suggest features. Your involvement helps strengthen the community and improve the language.

### **What tools are available for maintaining code quality in Rust?**

Using tools like Rustfmt for code formatting and Clippy for linting can significantly enhance code quality in Rust by ensuring adherence to best practices. Implementing these tools will help you maintain clean, efficient, and error-free code.

mastering-basics-rust-mini.png

mastering-basics-rust.png

The Rust programming language offers the perfect blend of safety, speed, and concurrency. Developed by Mozilla, Rust ensures memory safety without compromising performance, making it ideal for everything from web development to embedded systems. This article will help you get started with Rust, dive into its unique ownership concept, and leverage key resources to master the language.

Mastering the Basics of the Rust Programming Language

**Rust is a fast, memory-efficient, and statically typed programming language. Its many benefits are why it has been voted the most admired programming language of 2023 and 2024, according to annual** [**Stack Overflow surveys**](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2024/technology/#admired-and-desired) **of over 90,000 developers. Rust is also a great language for smart contract writing and many software engineers opt for using that language in their Web3 projects. While Solidity has long been the go-to language for developing contracts on Ethereum, Rust is rapidly gaining traction as a powerful alternative. Today, we’ll dive into its benefits and risks, and explore use cases of Rust in smart contract development.**

## **The Birth and Evolution of Rust**

It all started in 2006 when Graydon Hoare, an Australian programmer, at the time working at the Mozilla Research, started conceptualizing his personal project. His goal was **to develop a language that would answer the memory management and allocation problems of C and C++.** According to [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)), Rust was “named after the group of fungi that are over-engineered for survival”. 

In 2009 Mozilla decided to back the project and sponsor it financially. 12 engineers were employed to continue the work with Hoare. The first stable release of version 1.0 happened six years later, on May 15, 2015. On February 8, 2021, the Rust Foundation was officially established by its five founding companies: AWS, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla. Later, on April 6, 2021, Google revealed in a blog post that Rust would be supported within the Android Open Source Project as an alternative to C/C++.

### What is Rust used for today?

Beyond writing smart contracts, building dApps, and minting tokens, Rust is primarily used for enhancing performance, strengthening security, and managing memory effectively. Developers favor Rust for its ability to ensure memory and thread safety, reducing the number of bugs caught during compilation. Rust's comprehensive type system plays a significant role in this. It features an advanced and versatile type system that lets developers define types flexibly and control how related objects interact.

## **The benefits of using Rust in blockchain development projects**

### 1\. User-friendly and easy to code

Rust stands out for its simplicity and ease of coding, unlike some popular languages used in blockchain development. For instance, handling threads in C++ can be quite challenging, and dealing with dependencies can be a nightmare. Rust tackles these issues within the language itself.

With extensive libraries, versatile frameworks, and highly useful tools, **Rust offers a cohesive ecosystem where all necessary information is readily available.** This is largely thanks to Rust's thorough and meticulous documentation. Consequently, coding in Rust is incredibly straightforward, contributing to its status as a highly admired language.

### 2\. Performance and efficiency

Rust is a systems programming language designed for speed and efficiency. It compiles directly to machine code, offering high performance comparable to C and C++. This efficiency is particularly beneficial for blockchain environments, where resources are often limited, and performance overhead can be costly. Rust's compilation to WebAssembly (Wasm) further enhances its suitability for smart contracts, providing fast execution and interoperability across different platforms. Also, in the space-limited world of blockchain, size matters. The Rust compiler plays a crucial role by reordering struct fields to minimize the size of each type. As a result, Rust data structures are often very compact, sometimes even more so than those in C.

### 3\. Memory safety

Rust is known for its strong emphasis on memory safety without requiring a garbage collector. The language's ownership model ensures that memory leaks and other unsafe behaviors are caught at compile time, reducing the risk of runtime errors. This feature is crucial in smart contracts, where security vulnerabilities can lead to significant financial losses.

### 4\. Concurrency and parallelism

Rust's modern concurrency model prevents data races, a common problem in concurrent programming. This model is essential for smart contracts that may need to handle multiple transactions simultaneously without compromising the system's integrity. Rust's thread safety guarantees help maintain the consistency and reliability of smart contract operations.

### 5\. Growing ecosystem and tooling

The Rust ecosystem is robust and rapidly expanding. Tools like **cargo** (Rust's package manager) and **rustup** (the Rust toolchain installer) streamline the development process. Frameworks like **Substrate** provide a comprehensive environment for developing blockchain applications and smart contracts. The \`ink!\` language, specifically designed for writing smart contracts in Rust, further simplifies the development process by offering high-level abstractions.

## **Risks of using Rust in smart contracts development**

### 1\. Learning curve

Rust has a steep learning curve, especially for developers coming from dynamically typed languages like JavaScript or Python. Concepts like ownership, lifetimes, and borrowing can be challenging to master. This learning curve can slow down the development process, especially for teams new to Rust. Luckily, the ease of coding one gets once the language is mastered, is a great reward for efforts.

### 2\. Complexity in smart contract development

While Rust provides powerful features, it can also introduce complexity. Writing smart contracts in Rust requires a deep understanding of both the language and the specific requirements of blockchain systems. The need for meticulous management of resources and strict type-checking can make development more complex compared to languages like Solidity. 

### 3\. Limited resources and community support

Although growing, Rust's community and resources are still smaller compared to more established languages in the smart contract space. This can make finding solutions to specific problems or bugs more challenging. On the bright side, the Rust and blockchain communities are active and supportive, and resources are continually expanding.

![](https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeCS4Nb4YdNowpezaoSu0Xd-FeDOjy21abAZSUVxbB0ysVFHQzItdsQBZ8MzRouae2afSWN1ISlH3vFuBp3oBprpqAzlJtGgFIwlalHtcC-XqgVa1uSVw_lg66Tn7U5dZM_5eY8pMU8ZFyfay3iwjRRvHzB?key=gnAwkd9Jl1gMwERaNY8jqw)

## **Use cases of Rust in blockchain development**

### 1\. Solana

Solana, a proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain, utilizes Rust for writing smart contracts. It competes strongly with Ethereum and hosts a wide array of blockchain-based web3 applications. Rust is effectively used to develop Solana dApps, smart contracts, and NFTs, showcasing its versatility and efficiency on the Solana blockchain.

### 2\. Polkadot

Polkadot is built using the Substrate framework, which is written in Rust. This implies that Polkadot likely wouldn't exist in its current form without Rust. Rust also plays a crucial role in implementing Polkadot's core runtime, which executes smart contracts. Polkadot's vision of interoperability features parachains that run parallel to its main blockchain, and Rust is extensively used in developing these parachains.

### 3\. Near Protocol

Rust is instrumental in building various tools for developing and interacting with Near Protocol, including wallets, compilers, and explorers. It is also used to create and write dApps and smart contracts on the platform.

### 4\. Comit

Comit is a cross-blockchain network enabling trustless applications across blockchains like Bitcoin and Solana. Although cross-blockchain communication isn't new, Comit utilizes Rust to achieve this. Their GitHub repository features numerous projects, all developed using Rust.

## **Conclusion**

Rust offers a compelling alternative for smart contract development, combining performance, safety, and a growing ecosystem. While there are challenges, such as a steep learning curve and complex development processes, the benefits often outweigh these drawbacks, particularly for applications requiring high performance and security.

As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, Rust's role in smart contract development is likely to grow, driven by its technical advantages and the increasing adoption of frameworks like Substrate. For developers looking to build robust and efficient smart contracts, exploring Rust can open up new possibilities and set the foundation for future innovations.

Miniature - Rust for smart contracts development.png

TopImage - Rust for smart contracts development.png

An examination of using Rust for smart contract development, weighing its advantages in safety and performance against potential challenges and limitations.

Rust is a fast, memory-efficient, and statically typed programming language. Its many benefits are why it has been voted the most admired programming language of 2023 and 2024, according to annual Stack Overflow surveys of over 90,000 developers. Rust is also a great language for smart contract writing and many software engineers opt for using that language in their Web3 projects. While Solidity has long been the go-to language for developing contracts on Ethereum, Rust is rapidly gaining traction as a powerful alternative. Today, we’ll dive into its benefits and risks, and explore use cases of Rust in smart contract development.

Smart contracts development in Rust - benefits, risks, use cases

In today’s article, we continue the journey through public and private keys, blockchain algorithms, and Account Abstraction. Let’s focus on the complicated matter of ECDSA signatures and how to enable multisig transactions on Ethereum, shall we?

Have you ever seen Vitalik sad?  
[![vitalik_twitter_1.PNG](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/vitalik_twitter_1_096fab7da1.PNG)](https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1527359435072425988)

Or have you ever seen Vitalik angry?  
[![vitalik_twitter_2.PNG](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/vitalik_twitter_2_65d3b10d72.PNG)](https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1527359917161517071)

It looks like Ethereum’s signature algorithm is quite exciting and not that straightforward even for its co-founder. In this blog post, we’re going to discuss why ECDSA is (in some ways) not that efficient, why Bitcoin already adopted another algorithm called Schnorr, and last but not least, I’ll show you what solutions are already available and developed by amazing Rumble Fish devs!

### Let me do sign it for you!

For those of you who are not familiar with blockchain’s private-public key pair concept, don’t worry! Relax, grab a big cup of coffee, and let me guide you through this! Ready? Let’s go!  
Every blockchain’s security, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, relies on cryptography and some brilliant underlying concepts. One of them is **private-public key pairs** which are used mainly for:

-   authentication - to prove that the user knows the private key, which confirms their identity,
-   encryption - to decrypt and read the message previously encoded, in other words - to read a secret message that only a private key owner can see. 

Private-public key pairs are **asymmetric** which means that with a given private key (think about it as simply as a number) it’s possible to derive the public key (the other number). However, it’s not feasible to reverse the process and get a private key from the public key. If you wonder why, take a look at our previous [blog post](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-3/), where I explained the magic behind elliptic curves and generating Ethereum addresses from private keys. To move forward I assume that ECC (elliptic curve cryptography) and ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) acronyms already sound familiar to you. 

### pov: ECDSA is a bad signature algorithm

As we’ve shown above, Vitalik himself believes that ECDSA is a bad algorithm. Let’s take a look at the reasoning behind this statement.  
In Ethereum, ECDSA is used as the algorithm for creating and verifying digital signatures. This is to ensure transaction authentication, so we know the transaction was approved by the sender. ECDSA uses the SHA-256 hash function and the secp256k1 elliptic curve and does it for good reasons. Firstly, it is constructed in a special non-random way, which results in efficient and fast computations. It provides strong security while requiring relatively little computational power. Secondly, the secp256k1 curve reduces the possibility of potential backdoor weakness and is also used by Bitcoin, so was already adopted at the moment of Ethereum creation. Now, let’s see what the basic process of signing and verifying a message looks like:

Signing the message:

1.  Generate a private-public key pair. Keep the private key hidden and share only the public key.
2.  Calculate the message hash with a cryptographic hash function, e.g. SHA-256.
3.  Sign the message with the private key. By signing I mean performing a series of mathematical operations on the message hash value and the private key, which results in a unique signature.
4.  Transmit the message and its signature.

Verifying the signature:

1.  Calculate the message hash the same way it was hashed within the signing process.
2.  Recover the signer address from the signature and public key (for the sake of simplicity I’m not gonna explain all the math behind it - I encourage you to do your own research).
3.  Compare the recovered address with the provided one - if they match, the signature is valid!

![account-abstraction-sender-receiver.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/account_abstraction_sender_receiver_eafb765592.jpg)

So far it’s all looking good, right? So what’s the problem with ECDSA? The chaos appears as soon as someone wants to create a multi-signature. Ekhm, excuse me, multi-what…? - you ask? Let me explain.

### Multi-signatures - single problem

**The Multi-signature Scheme** is a concept that avoids a single point of failure and requires multiple signers to approve a transaction. This is great for splitting the responsibility of ownership of an address (and its funds) and can be shared between multiple people with different private keys. What's more, it’s possible to implement a k-of-n policy, so e.g. 2-of-3 means that only 2 signers (out of 3) need to approve the transaction for it to be valid (as shown below). This is commonly known as the **threshold scheme**.

![multisignature-contract.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/multisignature_contract_051dfb4a1c.jpg)

There are already plenty of multi-signature wallets, like [The Consensys multisig wallet, Safe](https://github.com/ConsenSysMesh/MultiSigWallet), or [Argent](https://www.argent.xyz/vault/). Most often that kind of wallets use a smart contract that stores multiple signers' addresses and verifies the signatures one by one (naive multi-signatures). And that’s the core of the problem. Why? First of all, storing multiple signers’ addresses costs money (welcome to the blockchain!), and the same goes for sending and verifying multiple signatures. Every signature needs to be verified with a specified signer separately and computational power is the crucial aspect of the transaction cost. What’s more (and in some cases the worst) signers’ public addresses are exposed and can be easily used to check who (out of the signers group) approved the transaction and who didn’t. OK, so what about aggregating multiple signatures into a single one? Well, this might be a better approach, but aggregated signatures are currently slower than e.g. ECDSA, so there must be a tradeoff between speed and size (which on the blockchain means cost).

![native-vs-aggregated-signature.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/native_vs_aggregated_signature_4569907414.jpg)

### Bitcoin’s Taproot and Schnorr’s Signatures

Let’s jump out for a second to the Bitcoin Blockchain and look closer at one of the rare protocol updates, called Taproot. This BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) introduced several enhancements, including the Schnorr Signatures. Why do I mention this? We must realize that Bitcoin’s upgrades are extremely limited to keep the protocol stable and secure, so enhancements are deeply discussed, battle-tested, and significantly improve the network’s efficiency. So what is that **Schnorr Signature**?

It is a type of digital signature scheme that allows for signing transactions in a very efficient way without compromising on security even for multi-signatures. The algorithm itself isn’t new though, because originally it was described by Claus Schnorr in 1991. It wasn’t widely used before because it was protected by patent till 2008 (the same year Bitcoin was launched).  
The primary advantage of Schnorr signatures lies in key aggregation. In a typical digital signature scenario, a single public key, message, and signature are involved, confirming that the owner of the public key signed the provided message. However, when multiple parties aim to sign the same message, like when spending from a multisig address, each must include their public key and signature. Consequently, if three parties wish to sign a message, the verification process entails three public keys and three signatures, leading to inefficiencies in computation and storage. Each node must conduct signature verification, a resource-intensive task, three times, and store three sets of signatures and public keys.

![ecdsa-vs-schnorr-signatures.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/ecdsa_vs_schnorr_signatures_9800efde10.jpg)

Key aggregation resolves this inefficiency by obviating the necessity for multiple public keys and signatures. Schnorr public keys and signatures can be aggregated so that, if three parties intend to sign a transaction, they can combine their public keys into a single one, using their respective private keys to sign the same message. Subsequently, they can combine their signatures into a single signature valid for the aggregate public key. A verifier needs only to authenticate a single signature and public key to ascertain that all three parties signed the message.

### Signatures with benefits 

Key aggregation presents an opportunity to decrease transaction costs and enhance the scalability of the base layer, as signatures from multi-signature configurations occupy the same space in a block as those from single-party transactions. This aspect of Schnorr can be leveraged to decrease the size of multisig payments and related transactions (e.g. those within the Lightning Network channels).

Moreover, Schnorr signatures possess a crucial attribute of non-malleability. In the realm of digital signatures, malleability refers to the capacity of an attacker to alter a confirmed signature in a manner that retains its validity while authenticating a distinct message from the original signature. Such manipulation could lead to significant issues in cryptocurrency applications, potentially allowing a malicious actor to increase the transferred funds' amount or change the recipient.

Last but not least, Schnorr offers substantial privacy advantages. By enabling the obfuscation of a multi-signature scheme, rendering it virtually indistinguishable from a traditional single public key, Schnorr significantly complicates the task of differentiating between multisig and single-signature transactions through on-chain observation. Additionally, in setups involving n-of-m multisig, Schnorr makes it more challenging for observers to ascertain which participants did or did not sign a transaction.

### Just do it!

Okay, that’s enough of the theory, let’s see what the practice looks like! As was written, the Bitcoin protocol already supports Schnorr Signatures and can be used alongside ECDSA. Unfortunately, the Ethereum blockchain does not yet, so this looks like a perfect opportunity for Rumble Fish developers to do, once again, some innovative stuff!

No, wait a sec. Let’s complicate things a bit so that it’s not too easy. Where would be the perfect place to use multi-signatures? Where can we find the need for a multi-owner wallet? Any ideas? Exactly, Account Abstraction! Take a look at our previous [blog post about ERC-4337](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/what-is-account-abstraction-and-why-is-it-important-eip-4337-explained/) to see what it is and let’s move to the coding part!

Let’s see what has to be done to achieve Multi-Schnorr-Signatures. 

1.  Deploy MultiSigSmartAccountFactory and create Account Abstraction  
    This is needed to interact with the blockchain and use the Account Abstraction concept. In our case though instead of a single Account Owner, there are multiple Schnorr-Signers Owners. 
2.  Create Schnorr Signers and MultiSig Account Signer  
    To utilize multi-signature features and be ERC-4337-compliant, the Schnorr Signer needs to be created out of an individual's private key.
3.  Construct User Operation CallData and build User Operation  
    As ERC-4337 specified, instead of standard transaction the User Operation needs to be created.
4.  Initialize Multi-Sig Schnorr User Operation  
    Crucial element of multi-signature mechanism. To be sure that the same transaction is approved by every needed signer, the desired **Multi-Sig Schnorr User Operation** is created. It contains such information as transaction data and each signer’s public addresses, one-time nonces, and signatures.
5.  Sign the transaction by each defined signer  
    Transactions can be signed by each signer in any order. There’s also no time limit or need for all of the signers to be online at once. 
6.  Send the User Operation  
    If a transaction is signed by each needed signer, it can be sent through the MultiSigSmartAccount contract. As needed it can be paid by ERC-4337 Paymaster. User Operation data can be signed and used only once by design!
7.  Appreciate the beauty and simplicity of the Account Abstraction Schnorr Signatures solution. As simple as that!

But if you are curious about how it works under the hood or want to utilize this in your project, feel free to jump into Rumble Fish repositories:

-   [aa-schnorr-multisig](https://www.npmjs.com/package/aa-schnorr-multisig)
-   [aa-schnorr-multisig-sdk](https://www.npmjs.com/package/aa-schnorr-multisig-sdk)

That’s it! Today I’ve showcased the pain points and vulnerabilities of the ECDSA signature algorithm when it comes to creating multi-signature transactions. I’ve also taken you on a journey through Schnorr’s Signatures and how to tie them into Account Abstraction to create an effective multisig transaction on Ethereum. Stay tuned for future updates and feel free to [reach out to our team](mailto:hello@rumblefish.dev) if you have any blockchain-related questions!

Multi-Signatures

In today’s article, we continue the journey through public and private keys, blockchain algorithms, and Account Abstraction. Let’s focus on the complicated matter of ECDSA signatures and how to enable multisig transactions on Ethereum, shall we?

aa-multisig-blog-miniature.jpg

Understanding Account Abstraction Schnorr Multi-Signatures

**Account abstraction in Ethereum represents a groundbreaking shift in how users engage with decentralized applications (dApps). It introduces a novel paradigm where assets can be exclusively held by smart contracts rather than externally owned accounts (EOAs). At the heart of this innovation lies the ERC-4337 standard, which unlocks the potential of smart contract crypto wallets on the Ethereum blockchain.**

This article delves into Ethereum's account abstraction, exploring how it redefines user experiences with smart contract wallets and understanding [the ERC-4337 standard](https://www.erc4337.io/) within the Ethereum ecosystem. Let's dive into the history, evolution, and benefits of account abstraction, and its implications for driving a Web3 revolution.

## Back to the basics and why do we need Account Abstraction

To get to the bottom of Account Abstraction we need to take a few steps back and look into two main types of accounts on Ethereum:

-   **EOAs (Externally Owned Accounts)** - used to store and transfer ETH, ERC-20 tokens, and other digital assets. They are controlled by an **Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) key**, which is cryptography used to sign and verify digital transactions and involves generating a private key and a corresponding public key. (We’ve previously written more about ECDSA [here](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-3/)). EOAs are managed using a public-private key pair, where the public key is the 64-byte (128 hex character) from which the network address (20-bytes) with the added prefix 0x is derived and is used by others to identify the account for a transaction. The private key is a mathematical key (kept secret by the holder) used to sign transactions and should be known only to the owner of the EOA. Basically, EOAs can only perform two operations: transfer native tokens to other externally owned accounts, and initiate transactions that prompt the execution of another smart contract transaction. This mechanism opens an account to many vulnerabilities and limitations, poor security being the most crucial one. If the account owner loses the private key and seed phrase, they may lose access to all their assets. There is no social recovery mechanism, no spending limits to set, and no 2FAs to add.   
    Another drawback of EOAs is the lack of customization - owners must sign every transaction manually. On top of that, the EOA owner must possess ETH to cover gas fees. All of those make for an unsatisfying user experience, not very welcoming for users outside the Web3 world.
-   **Smart Contract Accounts (SCA)** - in the simplest terms SCAs are smart contracts functioning as crypto wallets. They are fully programmable and are not controlled by a private key but by a customizable verification logic which opens the way to a variety of new possibilities. SCAs enable transaction customization and add extra features to the wallet, but due to the fact they don’t have a private key and/or seed phrase they cannot initiate transactions. The execution of a specific action is only possible when the smart contract code is triggered by a transaction from an Externally Owned Account (EOA). This basically means that users have to keep an EOA topped up with some ETH (or other native token) to run a contract account. So, dealing with a contract account ends up being even more of a hassle compared to handling a standalone EOA.

![EOA vs SCA.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/EOA_vs_SCA_d7a888049d.png)

Enters… account abstraction! Account abstraction, a concept described in the ERC-4337 proposal, offers a new approach where a smart account can be tailored to specific user needs using smart contracts but without the need for an existing EOA account. How is that possible? Let’s dive a bit deeper! 🐟

## Introducing UserOperation, Bundlers, and Paymasters

**EIP-4337** introduced a couple of new features that enabled major upgrades all without any required changes to the Ethereum protocol. One of the said features is a new object type called UserOperation. Instead of shooting off regular transactions like an EOA would, **UserOperation** can handle operations on behalf of users. UserOperation objects carry data and multiple instructions to execute smart contract calls initiated by the smart contract account. They're then dispatched **into a dedicated mempool** where validators, referred to as **"bundlers"**, gather them up into a **"bundled transaction”**. A bundler monitors the special mempool designed for UserOperation objects, bundling them into a single transaction sent to the **EntryPoint** contract. They receive compensation in the form of a portion of the gas fees for this service. Bundlers play a vital role in the account abstraction workflow because EAOs are still required to initiate all Ethereum transactions. Moreover, all bundlers possess EOAs, making them the sole participants needing them within this account abstraction ecosystem. This approach effectively abstracts the necessity for every Web3 participant to have their own EOA. Et voila!

A moment ago, we mentioned an **EntryPoint contract**. EntryPoint, as a smart contract, receives transactions from bundlers and handles the verification and execution of UserOperations. In the verification phase, it checks if the wallet holds sufficient funds; if not, the transaction is rejected. For execution, EntryPoint executes UserOperations by invoking the smart contract wallets with the call data of the operations. Additionally, EntryPoint deducts funds from the account to reimburse the bundlers.

Another new addition, introduced in EIP-4337 proposal is **Paymaster**, tasked with managing gas payment policies. These policies offer options on who foots the gas bill and how it's done. As a result, users aren't obliged to hold the native ETH token to engage with the network anymore. It’s a significant improvement for new users, entering the world of Web3 for the first time. 

![aa workflow.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/aa_workflow_8f50735103.png)

## Benefits of Account Abstraction

Now that we have a basic understanding of how **Account Abstraction** works and what mechanisms it utilizes, we can focus on what it actually brings to Web3 users.

### Improved security

Right now, Ethereum accounts rely on a seed phrase and private keys to handle transactions. If that seed phrase takes a hike, there's no getting your accounts back, setting spending limits, adding whitelist accounts, or freezing accounts for extra security measures. But with Account Abstraction, developers can get crafty and program all sorts of options for account authentication and recovery. 

### Lower barrier to entry

For folks who aren't familiar with blockchain, understanding the ins and outs of EOAs can pose a challenge. Properly managing and protecting their keys can be complex and leave them susceptible to vulnerabilities. However, thanks to Account Abstraction, developers have the flexibility to implement different logic to integrate security features and allow users to customize how they process and authenticate transactions.

### Enabled customization and automation

When it comes to the current externally owned account (EOA) setup, users are stuck with transactions that can't be customized or automated. Each one has to be signed off individually. But with account abstraction, the game changes. Now, **users can set up recurring payments and dive into other forms of automation**.   
With EOA, you need to approve and authorize each transaction one by one. Imagine if you're into gaming or anything that involves a lot of transactions – it's a real time-suck and not all that convenient. But with Account Abstraction, things start looking up. You'll be able to greenlight multiple transactions with just one go, kind of like bagging a bunch of items with a single payment.   
**Account Abstraction empowers developers to craft "wallets" that are non-custodial yet deliver a straightforward, intuitive, and dependable experience for end-users**. DeFi apps can sport a user interface reminiscent of banking apps, where users are relieved of concerns regarding key management, gas fees, and other complexities. That's the ticket to making life easier for users diving into Ethereum and Web3 apps!

### Upgraded gas fee management options

Remember Paymasters from earlier? Thanks to this feature, **smart account users can cover gas fees with any ERC-20 token they fancy**. Plus, anyone can chip in to foot the bill for someone else's transactions, dApps can even cover their users' gas fees as a thank-you, sponsorship, or just to keep things smooth sailing for users hopping onto their app. That’s the customer-first approach we all love!

## Conclusion

In summary, **Ethereum's Account Abstraction** marks a significant milestone in blockchain technology, offering users unparalleled flexibility and security. As developers delve deeper into its capabilities, the prospects for account abstraction appear promising, steering the evolution of Web3 toward widespread adoption.

In the next part of this series, we’ll take a look at the most promising projects powered by Account Abstraction, including one of our own - **Devil Wallet, a mobile Web3 wallet utilizing EIP-4337**. Stay tuned!

blog-post-account-abstraction-part-1-v2.png

Account abstraction in Ethereum represents a groundbreaking shift in how users engage with decentralized applications (dApps). It introduces a novel paradigm where assets can be exclusively held by smart contracts rather than externally owned accounts (EOAs). At the heart of this innovation lies the ERC-4337 standard, which unlocks the potential of smart contract crypto wallets on the Ethereum blockchain.

account abstraction part 1 miniature.png

What is Account Abstraction and Why is It Important? EIP-4337 Explained

This post is Part 3 of our three-part series dedicated to ZKs and Private Tokens. Click here for [Part 1](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-1/), and [Part 2](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-2/).

## Part 3: Return of the Hash

### Theory vs practice. Expectations vs reality

In the previous part of the series, we delved into seemingly unrelated topics about blockchain, zero-knowledge proofs, and privacy. Now, let’s transition to practical considerations and explore the tools available for developers.

Undoubtedly, the creation of any kind of ZK technology needs **ZK Proof**. How can we create it? The core element in this process is known as a circuit, often referring to an arithmetic circuit—an ordered collection of operations (such as addition, multiplication) represented by gates. In the realm of **ZK-circuits**, this translates to a program specifying a calculation to be performed on certain data inputs, used by the prover to generate a proof of knowledge. Thankfully we’re not forced to create every complex circuit from logic gates (AND, OR etc), but instead can use dedicated programming languages. Moreover, it's possible to validate the proof on-chain, using smart contracts deployed on platforms like Ethereum. Let's explore the available options:

-   [**circom**](https://docs.circom.io/) **by iden3**: designed for ZK-circuit development, circom provides programmers with a powerful and precise Domain-Specific Language (DSL). However, newcomers may find it challenging to grasp the syntax and semantics underlying the mathematical equations.
-   [**Noir by** **Aztec**](https://aztec.network/): a language for Aztec, a privacy-focused Layer 2 for Ethereum, heavily inspired by Rust. Noir is designed to be user-friendly for developers without a ZK background.
-   [**Cairo**](https://www.cairo-lang.org/) **by Starkware**: another language dedicated to Layer 2, Cairo is a relatively low-level "intermediate" language known for its efficiency and scalability.
-   [**Zokrates**](https://zokrates.github.io/): while not a language per se, Zokrates is a toolbox for zkSNARKs. It simplifies the complexity of ZK-circuits, aiding in generating proofs in high-level languages and verifying them through Solidity smart contracts.

Other noteworthy languages include:

-   [o1js](https://docs.minaprotocol.com/zkapps/o1js)
-   [Leo](https://leo-lang.org/)
-   [Lurk](https://lurk-lang.org/)

As evident, several options are already available, with more on the horizon! While developing on Layer 2 platforms like Starknet has dedicated languages, addressing the Ethereum Mainnet introduces intricacies due to subtle yet consequential differences between ZK and EVM elliptic curves. Let’s explain them now.

### Elliptic curves and straightforward hashes

Once again, in this series of articles, I don't intend to delve too deeply into this complex theme, as covering everything comprehensively would require another series of papers. Numerous excellent resources on this subject can be found on the internet. So, let's keep it as simple as possible.

Blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum employ hashes as account addresses, which is obvious. However, not everyone understands how these addresses are created. It involves something like private and public keys, a touch of cryptography (or, as some might say, magic), and voila! Let's take a closer look.

In mathematics, there's a concept known as elliptic curves. While these curves can take various forms, they are essentially a set of points that satisfy a specific mathematical equation, such as:

y2 = x3 + ax + b. 

![zk-private-token-part3-chart-1.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/zk_private_token_part3_chart_1_d39c1b3a79.png)

 Utilizing the cryptographic system known as **ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm)**, it becomes possible to obtain a point on the elliptic curve (public key) through the multiplication of two numbers. One of these numbers represents the private key. The trick lies in the fact that calculating the public key from a known number (private key) is extremely fast, yet attempting to deduce the number (private key) from a given point (public key) is incredibly challenging. **In essence, the public key can be derived through a one-way function from the private key**.

![zk-private-tokens-chart-2.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/zk_private_tokens_chart_2_bcc8c47fc1.jpg)

[Click for resource](https://www.horizen.io/academy/public-key-cryptography-pkc/)

To generate a public address for your account, simply append 0x to the beginning of the last 20 bytes of the Keccak-256 hash of the public key.

![keccak-256.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/keccak_256_a2093c2e59.png)

The curve employed in ECDSA is named the **secp256k1 curve**, and what holds significance for us is that operations on this curve entail arithmetic with 256-bit numbers. Why is this aspect crucial?

### Zero-Knowledge Proofs and EVM Relationship Status: It’s complicated

Recall zkSNARKs, the proving system integral to Zero-Knowledge Proofs? zkSNARKs rely on elliptic curve cryptography, which permits operations only on numbers restricted to 254 bits. In summary, the numbers utilized on Ethereum's EVM surpass the 254-bit limits allowed in zkSNARK systems. Consequently, to implement ECDSA algorithms within ZK circuits, we must resort to 'non-native' field arithmetic.

**This presents one of the most significant challenges in ensuring a smooth interaction between ZKP and EVM**. While it is achievable, there's always a trade-off: time or money. A noteworthy example is the commendable work by the 0xPARK Foundation, which presented an implementation of [an ECDSA circuit in the circom language, capable of generating zkSNARKs](https://0xparc.org/blog/zk-ecdsa-1). Although it is possible to prove ownership of an account, there is still much to be done, as the performance falls short of expectations. The circom environment is resource-constrained, making proofs expensive and time-consuming.

Nevertheless, ongoing efforts have resulted in an improved approach to verifying ECDSA signatures in ZK. [**Spartan-ecdsa**](https://personaelabs.org/posts/spartan-ecdsa/), **introduced by Personae Labs**, shows promise. It’s still a work in progress, with challenges like poor Keccak performance and excessively large proofs for on-chain verification via smart contracts still needing to be addressed.

### There is always hope

Let's pause for a moment and contemplate our goals and available options. The objective is to validate the proof (a 254-bit system) on-chain, which is a 256-bit system. Two potential approaches come to mind:

1.  Convert 256-bit numbers to 254-bit ones, as previously discussed. However, this option, as assumed, is currently impractical.
2.  Convert 254-bit numbers to 256-bit ones, which we will dive into below.

Given that numerous encryption and description operations need to occur within zkSNARKs, necessitating 254-bit numbers for easy arithmetic, we can explore the utilization of another elliptic curve known as **Baby Jubjub**. Specifically designed to function efficiently within zkSNARKs on Ethereum, [the ERC-2494](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2494) was introduced in 2020. Although it is no longer active, it remains a compelling and intriguing concept worth considering.

### A Bitcoin Orchard: Merkle Trees

In the realm of **Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP)** on the **Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)**, or more broadly, whenever we navigate the blockchain landscape, a critical consideration emerges: **data storage**. While the ability to create and verify proofs is commendable, it becomes even more enchanting when we can efficiently store those proofs on the blockchain. A widely adopted solution, employed, for instance, by Tornado Cash, is **the Merkle Tree**. This data structure proves invaluable for privacy-centric projects by securely storing hashed (encrypted) data fragments while enabling the verification of specific data without exposing the entirety of the dataset. Let's once again refer to the diagram for a clearer illustration.![merkle-tree.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/merkle_tree_bb7e69a379.png)

At its core, a Merkle Tree is a data structure crafted from encrypted (hashed) data fragments. Illustrated in the diagram, each pair undergoes a hashing process, generating the next "leaf" (node). This paired hashing repeats, ascending the tree until culminating in the top hash known as **the Merkle Root**. This ingenious structure facilitates the proof of data existence within the tree without necessitating the storage of the entire dataset. For an in-depth exploration, delve into [this detailed explanation](https://medium.com/crypto-0-nite/merkle-proofs-explained-6dd429623dc5).

Merkle Trees works great for the UTXO Model, because the entire state can be stored with two Merkle Trees:

-   **a Note Tree** - stores all system data, including smart contracts and asset ownership;
-   **a Nullifier Tree** - stores data about spent (used) UTXOs.

Before using a UTXO, it's checked in the Nullifier Tree to ensure it hasn't been used. If all's clear, changes can be made in the Note Tree.

### Encrypt. Verify. Repeat. zkSNARK

Understanding Merkle Trees is vital for comparing SNARKs on various circuits, especially if the criterion is hash verifying efficiency. The method of creating hashes within the Merkle Tree, however, is far from unequivocal; it hinges on factors like numerical systems (e.g., 256- / 254-bit), arithmetic complexity, and cryptographic security. The most prominent ones among many available hash functions are: 

-   [MiMC](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/492) - designed for very compact circuits with minimal amount of multiplications. Great for the tiniest circuits and as the base for more complicated algorithms (e.g. [GMiMC](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/397.pdf)),
-   [Poseidon](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458) - an enhanced version of MiMC with improved security, well-suited for scenarios requiring a collision-resistant, secure, and SNARKs-friendly algorithm,
-   [Pedersen](https://research.nccgroup.com/2023/03/22/breaking-pedersen-hashes-in-practice/) - extremely useful and efficient, for e.g. homomorphic encryption, which enables solving some zk-security problems (like [confidential payments](https://research.nccgroup.com/2021/06/15/on-the-use-of-pedersen-commitments-for-confidential-payments/)) and building Merkle proofs. On the other hand, this can lead to [significant security vulnerabilities](https://research.nccgroup.com/2023/03/22/breaking-pedersen-hashes-in-practice/).

Segueing back to **zkSNARKs protocols**, two prominent players — **PLONK** and **Groth16** — take the spotlight. For a detailed exploration of their nuances and functionalities, [dive into this article](https://medium.com/@mehialiabadi/plonk-vs-groth16-50254c157196). In a nutshell, both Groth16 and PLONK, are not quantum-resistant, and exhibit distinct characteristics: Groth16 boasts a generally smaller proof size, whereas PLONK sidesteps the need for recurring trusted setup ceremonies.

### Private Token: Proof of Concept 

Let’s see what the Private Token system could look like, using ZKP and EVM blockchain. **Private Token** is deployed as an EVM smart contract on a ZK-rollup (L2) and uses **zkSNARKs** to verify (on-chain via smart contract) transfer correctness and keep privacy at the same time. It is designed with the UTXO Model and uses Merkle Tree for membership proof. The Private Token contract maps UTXOs with commitments, having a structure defined by owner address, value, and unique ID. The ZK Circuit, written in circom language, verifies input and output UTXO values and sender ownership. As a result, we get a new UTXO commitment, in the form of data hashed with e.g. Pedersen Hash Function. If valid, a new commitment is added to the Merkle Tree using the Baby Jubjub curve (254-bit) for an efficient proof system. UTXOs are stored on Private Token contract in an encrypted format and thanks to the Partially Homomorphic Encryption can be decrypted and read only by the owner of the account.

Simple, right? Well, if you're still a bit dazzled, no worries – I'm not grading anyone on their zero-knowledge prowess. Stick around, and we'll unravel more in the next posts!

private-tokens-zero-knowledge-part-3.PNG

In the previous part of the series, we delved into seemingly unrelated topics about blockchain, zero-knowledge proofs, and privacy. Now, let’s transition to practical considerations and explore the tools available for developers.

Undoubtedly, the creation of any kind of ZK technology needs **ZK Proof**. How can we create it?

3.png

The Current State of Knowledge About Zero Knowledge. Comprehensive Private Token Overview - Part 3

This post is Part 2 of our three-part series dedicated to ZKs and Private Tokens. Please read Part 1 [here](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-1/).

## Part 2: The ZK Strikes Back

### Money for nothin’ (... and the privacy for free)

But why does it matter? Why delve into all these models and ownership concepts? Well, it's crucial when we aim to understand secure and privacy-centric transactions.

As mentioned in [Part 1](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-1/), **the UTXO model resembles a cash-payment system, while ETH's Account-Based model is more akin to a bank account setup**. Which one offers better privacy? Certainly, it's the former. Cash transactions are visible to both parties (sender and receiver), and the only necessary data is the bill's value and its new owner's address. Simple as that. Moreover, the sender (Bob) and receiver (Alice) can arrange to transfer cash without meeting by utilizing a code-safe box. Bob places the money in the box, sends the code to Alice, who then enters the code to retrieve the money. Voila! It's private and secure.

Now, let's explore how this straightforward example can evolve into a blockchain solution. The critical question arises: How can we verify that Bob genuinely owned that money before and/or didn't just print the bill and hack the system? Well, the solution lies in checking whether Bob owns the money and ensuring that Alice (A) and Bob (B) balances before the transaction are equal to their balances after the transaction, represented as A1 + B1 = A2 + B2. This is where the magic unfolds — enter **zero knowledge proofs.**

### ZKP. Zero Knowledge Proof.

Thanks to the prowess of cryptography, one can prove the veracity of a given piece of data without actually revealing the data itself. If you've never encountered **Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP)**, you might be surprised that it's possible. Yes, it's possible! Revisiting our example, Bob (the prover) can persuade Alice (the verifier) that he owns the money and the transaction is valid. Moreover, the entire system can acknowledge this proof, all without anyone discerning the specific amount of money and balances involved!

Now, let's pause for a moment and delve deeper into the beauty of ZKP. 

While the concept is continually evolving (with much work still ahead), its roots trace back to 1985 when it was first introduced in the academic paper ["The knowledge complexity of interactive proof-systems"](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/22145.22178).

From our perspective, the significance lies in ZKP's ability to address privacy concerns, allowing for the validation of claims without the need to expose sensitive information. For instance, it can be employed to verify your ID without revealing the actual ID ("I am Bob, here's the proof!"). To achieve this, the most basic structure of a zero-knowledge proof consists of three elements:

1.  **Witness:** This is the secret information that the prover aims to prove knowledge of without revealing it.
2.  **Challenge:** A randomly selected question posed by the verifier, which the prover must answer.
3.  **Response:** The answer calculated by the prover in response to the question asked.

This interaction must be repeated multiple times to eliminate the possibility of the prover faking knowledge of the witness. Termed **"interactive zero-knowledge proof,"** it necessitates back-and-forth communication between the prover and verifier. While this is effective, it might be inconvenient or even impossible in some cases. Fortunately, there's also a solution—enter **"Non-interactive ZKP,"** which can be generated using a "shared key." This key can be passed to anyone for verification, minimizing the communication required between the prover and verifier, thus enhancing the efficiency of ZKP.

### zk-TYPEs 

Non-interactive proofs come in various types, and currently, two of the most compelling are:

1.  **zk-SNARK: Zero Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge**

Introduced in 2012 and employed by, for example, Zcash, zk-SNARKs are small in size and easy to verify (succinct). zk-SNARK generates a proof using elliptic curves cryptography (no worries, I will explain them later on!), which implicates two important things. Firstly, the proof-generating process requires a trusted setup, so the initial creation event of the keys is needed to create and verify the proof. This one is called the Powers of Tau Ceremony and is used to ensure security by using a multi-party computation (MPC) (more about setup ceremonies can be found [here](https://zkproof.org/2021/06/30/setup-ceremonies/)). Secondly, zkSNARKs are not quantum attacks resistant, which might be the case in the future. 

2.  **zk-STARK: Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge**

Based on hash functions, zk-STARKs stand out by being resistant to quantum attacks and not requiring a trusted setup, unlike zk-SNARKs. However, zk-STARK proofs have a considerably larger size than zk-SNARKs, translating to longer verification times and increased gas requirements.![zk-snark-vs-zk-stark.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/zk_snark_vs_zk_stark_1cfd4f86c2.png)

### Zero Knowledge Proof - Full Utility Certainty

Since its introduction, **Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP)** have found compelling use cases, and we'll focus on their application in the blockchain realm. ZCash, launched in 2016, stands out as one of the pioneers in **privacy-oriented blockchains**, as it was created as the solution for one of the biggest Bitcoin challenges: privacy. While Bitcoin leans towards pseudonymity, allowing for easy tracking of addresses and transactions, [ZCash](https://z.cash/) strives for true anonymity. Leveraging ZK technology, specifically zkSNARKs, ZCash conceals transaction amounts and addresses, offering a robust privacy solution (learn more [here](https://z.cash/learn/what-is-zcash/)).

ZK technology isn't exclusive to the UTXO Model; projects on the Account-Based model, especially on the Ethereum Network, have embraced it as well. [Tornado Cash](https://tornado.ws/), a prominent example, acts as a mixer allowing users to deposit crypto from one address and withdraw it with another, thwarting attempts to link two wallets and track on-chain activity. While facing legal issues and security challenges, Tornado Cash remains an intriguing attempt at preserving privacy.

Other projects like Consensys' "The Confidential Transactions" and EY's "Nightfall Project" approach privacy differently. The Confidential Transactions aimed to enable transfers with encrypted balances, concealing user balances. Sender and receiver addresses weren’t hidden though, both sides of a transaction had to communicate off-chain and users had to keep decrypted balances to not lose access to their funds, which made The Confidential Transactions not so user-friendly and thus unsuccessful. 

On the other hand, the Nightfall Project sought to recreate the UTXO Model on Ethereum's smart contract, employing a Merkle Tree to manage UTXOs and hide users' balances. Though facing challenges such as expensive transactions and synchronization issues, [Nightfall evolved into a zk-rollup protocol](https://www.ey.com/en_gl/news/2023/01/the-ey-and-polygon-organizations-update-source-code-for-blockchain-privacy-based-protocol-nightfall) in collaboration with Polygon, offering efficient private transactions on the Ethereum Mainnet without compromising transparency and security.

### Like a complete unknown, like a Rolling Stone… like a ZK Roll-up? 

As detailed on [Ethereum's comprehensive content and resource page](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups), Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZKR) are Layer 2 scaling solutions designed to enhance throughput on the Ethereum Mainnet by relocating computation and state storage off-chain. ZKR bundles transactions into batches, executing them off-chain and subsequently posting reduced data to the blockchain.

Remember the Blockchain Trilemma we discussed earlier? **Layer 2 (L2)** is a concept aiming to address Ethereum's scalability issues, essentially a separate blockchain [extending Ethereum with inherited security guarantees](https://ethereum.org/en/layer-2/#what-is-layer-2). L2 typically comprises a **network** (separate blockchain) and a **smart contract** responsible for interacting with the underlying blockchain, such as the Ethereum Mainnet.

Presently, two main **Layer 2 implementations** are considered the most promising: payment _channels_ and _rollups_. Both aim to reduce transaction costs and enhance scalability by executing state changes off-chain and proving them on-chain.

One can’t be surprised that scalability in rollups can be achieved in different ways and nowadays two types are being the most actively developed: **Optimistic Rollup** and **ZK Rollup**. Focusing on the latter due to its alignment with the Zero Knowledge theme of this article, ZK Rollups aggregate transactions, perform off-chain computation (generate Zero Knowledge Proofs) and send data to Layer 1 smart contracts for proof validation. This architectural approach accelerates and economizes transactions without compromising security.

While this may seem overly complex, there are already working solutions like [zkSync](https://zksync.io/), [Starknet](https://www.starknet.io/en), [Loopring](https://loopring.org/), and [Aztec](https://aztec.network), with a total value locked exceeding a billion dollars (see [ZK Rollup project summary](https://l2beat.com/scaling/summary)).

A significant challenge in ZK Rollups revolves around generating and validating proofs efficiently. How to create the proof as fast as possible, while keeping it not “too heavy” or not too expensive to verify (remember, this must be passed to the blockchain, and that costs money!)? This is exactly where the knowledge about zkSNARKs and zkSTARKs needs to be utilized to choose the most suitable technology for a project! For example, Starknet uses zkSTARK and Loopring is based on zkSNARKs. So, as you can see, it’s not such a trivial decision, especially when the technology is being developed so rapidly.

This is Part 2 of our three-part series - stay tuned for its continuation!

zk-private-tokens-part-2.png

A continuation of the comprehensive private token analysis, exploring additional zero-knowledge implementations and privacy mechanisms in cryptocurrency projects (Part 2 of a series).

But why does it matter? Why delve into all these models and ownership concepts? Well, it's crucial when we aim to understand secure and privacy-centric transactions.

As mentioned in [Part 1](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/the-current-state-of-knowledge-about-zero-knowledge-comprehensive-private-token-overview-part-1/), **the UTXO model resembles a cash-payment system, while ETH's Account-Based model is more akin to a bank account setup**. Which one offers better privacy? Certainly, it's the former.

2.png

The Current State of Knowledge About Zero Knowledge. Comprehensive Private Token Overview - Part 2

**This blog post is the first of the three-part series regarding Zero Knowledge and Private Tokens. We’re going to take a deep dive into the history, evolution, and what lies ahead for Private Tokens. Today, I’m going to take you through the Blockchain Trilemma, the different approaches to on-chain user balance tracking, and more. Ready to dive in? Let’s get started!** 

## Part 1: Blockchain’s New Hope

Alright, so you’ve come across the term “blockchain” and wondered if it automatically guarantees privacy. Perhaps you've engaged in transactions and found yourself puzzled by the myriad of hashes and private/public keys. Ever wished it were as straightforward as typing in your name and sending tokens? Alternatively, you might be well-versed in blockchain tech but haven't delved into the realms of privacy, anonymity, and pseudonymity. If any of these scenarios resonate with you, grab a generous cup of coffee, find a comfortable seat, and let's embark on a journey through the expansive universe of blockchain!

### Who is the Batman?

Anonymity is likely one of the buzzwords that pop up when people discuss blockchain. However, we need to recognize that it's not as simple as equating blockchain with anonymity. Why? Because **while some blockchains offer the possibility of true anonymity, others do not**.

Have you ever heard of **Satoshi Nakamoto**? That's the alias of the inventor of Bitcoin. We know his nickname and have a fair idea of his wallet addresses and some transactions, yet his real identity remains elusive (and probably always will). Think of him as Batman – everyone knows what he does and how he looks, but nobody knows his real face. This is pseudonymity.   
On the other hand, anonymity means your identity is concealed, and your actions can't be traced back to you or your address. However, this doesn't imply that transaction details are impossible to unveil. When the data of a transaction is entirely concealed, we call it a private transaction. Why might someone need it? Well, it can be a huge advantage for people who care about their digital privacy or for companies dealing with sensitive private data. And many many more. So privacy is gonna be the main topic of this series of articles, in which we’ll look at how it can be implemented and the pros and cons of different approaches.

### Public, private, or permissioned?

Let's circle back to the blockchain. Imagine it as **a decentralized public ledger** capable of storing various types of data. So, how does a public ledger offer any privacy? The answer lies in cryptography — specifically, the mathematical underpinnings of this technology. Don't worry; we won't delve (too) deeply into concepts like **zero-knowledge proofs** (ZK), **secure multi-party computation** (MPC), **or fully homomorphic encryption** (FHE) this time. Instead, we'll provide an overview to grasp the context and understand the numerous approaches to blockchain architecture and its concepts.

Returning to the privacy dilemma for a moment, it's crucial to recognize that blockchain isn't inherently a private ledger by default. The widely known ones, such as **Bitcoin or Ethereum**, are indeed public, allowing anyone to join and participate in their core activities. Simultaneously, it's possible to establish a decentralized ledger (aka blockchain) controlled by a single entity (operator) that restricts access to the network, permitting only selected and verified participants to create it. This is referred to as **a private blockchain**.

You might wonder **how this differs from a centralized database** (an excellent question!). The key lies in **immutability and digital signatures!** Blockchains ensure that once data is recorded, it becomes practically impossible to change (well, almost, as explained in my [previous post about Upgradeability](https://www.rumblefish.dev/blog/post/how-to-make-smart-contracts-upgradeable-without-Proxy/)). Just to let you know, there’s also a mix of public and private concepts named permissioned (in some cases called “consortium” or “federated”), which is public but can allocate specific permissions to a specific user.

### Gotta catch ’em all! Security, Decentralization, Scalability - The Blockchain Trilemma

Why do we find ourselves in the position of having to choose the best fit for our needs among private, public, or permissioned blockchains? Can't we simply create and standardize a "Plug and Play blockchain"? It sounds fantastic, but it’s akin to facing **the Blockchain Trilemma**. Numerous articles, videos, and discussions delve into this theme, so here, I'll briefly sum it up to ensure you're familiar with the concept before we move forward.   
The Blockchain Trilemma, as articulated by Vitalik Buterin, posits that a blockchain can deliver only two out of three essential benefits: security, decentralization, and scalability.

**The Blockchain Trilemma**, as articulated by [Vitalik Buterin](https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin), posits that a blockchain can deliver only two out of three essential benefits: security, decentralization, and scalability.

![the-blockchain-trilemma-rumble-fish.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/the_blockchain_trilemma_rumble_fish_6f467b37de.png)

The Blockchain Trilemma

### “Always two there are. No more. No less.”

Perhaps Master Yoda wasn't talking about blockchains, but we can certainly agree that, currently, two of the most significant blockchains with fundamental differences are Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH). In this discussion, I'll concentrate on one of many distinctions crucial to comprehending diverse approaches to privacy and anonymous transactions—specifically, the **tracking of users' balances**.

They say a picture is worth a thousand words. Indeed, let's start by examining the diagram below.

![models-detailed-comparison-by-medium-user.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/models_detailed_comparison_by_medium_user_5a8069e797.png)

[Click for source](https://drraghavendra99.medium.com/how-to-measure-and-improvise-utxo-efficiency-using-topl-blockchain-99c776c90b8f)

Now, let's take a guess at which one describes BTC and ETH. Alternatively, we can delve into the workings of these two.

**The UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output)** model serves as a foundational concept for the **BTC network** and was chosen for various reasons. It can be compared to cash transactions, where each UTXO is akin to a paper bill. For instance, if you need to pay $10 but only have a $20 bill, you hand over the $20, with $10 going to the recipient and $10 returned to you as a change. Each bill can be represented as a separate UTXO. Later, if you want to pay, say, $30, you would take $10 and $20 bills (two separate UTXOs) and create a single transaction (a single UTXO worth $30). In terms of the blockchain, **the Bitcoin protocol doesn't track users' balances**. Instead, each UTXO is attributed to a specific address. The protocol doesn't create your account with an updated balance but checks all your UTXOs and displays a summarized amount. Each Bitcoin node maintains a list of all UTXOs and checks their usability (whether they have already been spent).

Sticking with this real-life analogy, we can think of **the Account Model** used by ETH as a banking system, where every asset is represented by the balance within accounts. Each transaction recorded by the blockchain alters the system state, meaning that every node on the network must track and store all account balances with each new block added to the chain. For example, if Bob wants to pay Alice $20, his balance is decreased, and Alice's is increased by $20. To prevent a **Double-Spending Attack** (or, in ETH terms, a **Replay Attack**), each transaction has its own nonce—a number that can be used only once.

![account-vs-utxo-comparison.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/account_vs_utxo_comparison_cbaf6777ff.png)

When it comes to privacy, both the UTXO and Account Models come with their respective pros and cons.

**The UTXO model** introduces a bit more complexity in linking transactions due to the ability to change addresses with each new one. A newly created address lacks an owner, making it less straightforward to trace connections between UTXOs and, consequently, correlate them to a single use.

On the other hand, **the Account-based model** doesn't offer such flexibility. Each address's state is meticulously tracked. However, it comes with a "built-in mixer", adding a layer of complexity to tracing the flow of money. If an account receives funds from various sources with numerous transactions, the entire amount is consolidated as the account's balance. When a new payment is recorded, it becomes challenging to pinpoint the exact coin that was used for that transaction.

It's important to note that this is a simplified overview, and we're not diving into the technical possibilities or "corner cases" at this point.

### Yes, we can mix!

As mentioned earlier, one of the significant drawbacks of **the UTXO Model** is its relative difficulty in implementing multi-assets and smart contracts (or any kind of programs executed on-chain). Nevertheless, there are already ideas circulating on how to enhance the UTXO and make it more "programmable." This evolution can be observed in blockchains like [Cardano](https://cardano.org/) or [Nervos](https://www.nervos.org/), which have implemented the **Extended UTXO (EUTXO) models**. These models might be considered even more flexible and developer-friendly than the Account-Based Model.

Without delving too deep into EUTXO (which is undoubtedly substantial enough for a separate article), we can simplify and assume that EUTXO extends the "basic" UTXO in two significant ways:

-   Uses scripts as logic to determine whether UTXO can be spent or not,
-   Allows the sending of (almost) any kind of data, not just address and value.

This is what distinguishes EUTXO from the Account-Based Model—scripts and data are used to alter the blockchain state.

That wraps it up for now and concludes the first part of my series. Today, we've laid the groundwork for Part 2, where I'll dive deeper into the realms of **zero-knowledge proofs and private tokens**. More to come next week - stay tuned!

zk-private-tokens-part-1.png

 A comprehensive overview of privacy-focused tokens and their use of zero-knowledge proofs to enable confidential transactions on blockchain networks (Part 1 of a series).

This blog post is the first of the three-part series regarding Zero Knowledge and Private Tokens. We’re going to take a deep dive into the history, evolution, and what lies ahead for Private Tokens. Today, I’m going to take you through the Blockchain  Trilemma, the different approaches to on-chain user balance tracking, and more. Ready to dive in? Let’s get started!

1.png

The Current State of Knowledge About Zero Knowledge. Comprehensive Private Token Overview - Part 1

**In the rapidly evolving digital innovation landscape, AI chatbot assistants are emerging as powerful catalysts for change across various industries. Let's explore how these intelligent assistants revolutionize operations and drive unparalleled benefits in various sectors.**

AI chatbots leverage a spectrum of advanced AI technologies, like machine learning for refined responses, natural language processing (NLP), and natural language understanding (NLU) to precisely decipher user inquiries and align them with specific intents. With deep learning capabilities, AI chatbots continuously enhance accuracy, fostering natural and seamless interactions. This iterative learning process makes human-AI interactions more intuitive, with a communication style that flows effortlessly without the risk of misunderstandings over time. Let’s see how AI chatbots can enhance productivity, customer satisfaction, and efficiency across multiple industries.

## Must-know AI Chatbot Stats

Let’s start with some numbers to support our claims and emphasize the importance of the AI industry. AI is not just a technology; it's a transformative force reshaping the dynamics of human-machine interaction. Chatbots, wielding the power of conversational AI, have proven instrumental in driving sales, **boasting an average** [increase of 67%](https://www.intercom.com/blog/the-state-of-chatbots/). This isn't just about revenue; it's about the efficacy of chatbots in closing deals, with [35% of business leaders](https://www.intercom.com/blog/the-state-of-chatbots/) **crediting them for successful transactions**.

Investment in conversational AI is witnessing a surge, evident in the rising number of mergers and acquisitions in the sector. The global chatbot market, valued at $370 million in 2017, is expected **to reach** [$29.8 billion by 2028](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/conversational-ai-market-49043506.html). By 2025, the entire **AI market is projected to reach a staggering** [$190 billion](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/artificial-intelligence-market-74851580.html), underlining the sheer magnitude of its impact.  
However, trust remains a critical factor. A significant 39% of respondents in the United States express reluctance to entrust AI voice assistants with making phone calls, emphasizing **the importance of building trust in the evolving landscape of conversational AI**.

On the other hand, customers seem to be ready for the future. Over [50% expect](https://venturebeat.com/business/3-stats-that-show-chatbots-are-here-to-stay/) **businesses to be available 24/7**, and more than 40% don't mind whether they're assisted by an AI tool or a human, as long as their questions are answered.

![ai-chatbot-development-stats.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/ai_chatbot_development_stats_0a0ea773c3.png)

The corporate realm is acknowledging the transformative power of conversational AI. According to [the PWC 2022 AI Business Survey](https://www.pwc.com/us/en/tech-effect/ai-analytics/ai-business-survey.html), CEOs, with 40% identifying the improvement of employee experiences and 37% focused on enhancing consumer experiences, **are steering their companies toward a more AI-powered future**.

Conversational AI, potentially reducing **customer service costs by** up to 40%, is not just a cost-effective solution but a catalyst for improved customer experiences. As businesses stand on the precipice of this technological revolution, embracing the power of conversational AI is not just an option — it's a strategic imperative. Let’s see **real-life examples of AI chatbot implementation** in various industries.

## Retail and E-Commerce: A Seamless Shopping Experience

In the retail and e-commerce sector, AI chatbot assistants are reshaping the customer journey. Picture a virtual assistant guiding users through product selections, answering queries, and even facilitating purchases without human intervention. By providing instant responses and personalized interactions, these chatbots elevate customer satisfaction, streamline transactions, and enhance the overall shopping experience.

### Real-Life Use Case: AI Chatbot in E-commerce

[Sephora Singapore](https://yellow.ai/case-study/sephora-embraces-digital-experiences-through-conversational-ai/) strategically blended physical and digital experiences using conversational AI, **introducing a virtual assistant for personalized beauty consultations and in-store-like interactions online**. This move resulted in over 9,000 users, 332,000+ conversation sessions, and an average monthly revenue increase of $30,000 within a year. The virtual assistant's success challenges the notion that chatbots are solely for complaint resolution, highlighting their potential in upselling and cross-selling. Sephora's adept use of generative AI stands as a successful model, showcasing the technology's potential to redefine customer engagement in the retail sector.

![Megi_naslovna_3-min.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/Megi_naslovna_3_min_4403fefaf9.png)

Source: megi.ai

## Healthcare: Personalized Patient Support

In healthcare, the role of AI chatbot assistants extends beyond administrative tasks. These chatbots assist in appointment scheduling, provide medication reminders, and offer basic health information. By delivering personalized and context-aware responses, they create a supportive and engaging patient environment, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare experiences.

### Real-Life Use Case: AI Chatbot in Healthcare

[Megi Health](https://www.megi.ai/), a digital healthcare startup faced the challenge of enhancing patient care and optimizing medical staff efficiency. Recognizing the potential of technology, Megi Health created a secure and user-friendly digital platform to provide 24/7 support to chronic patients. Leveraging WhatsApp, **the platform introduced a virtual assistant, streamlining patient interactions and achieving objectives**. The chatbot facilitates two-way data exchange, allowing patients to submit readings and receive immediate feedback, connecting them with a doctor when necessary. Results include an 86% CSAT score and a remarkable 65% reduction in data collection time, demonstrating the transformative impact of AI in healthcare.

## Legal Services: Simplifying Legal Processes

Legal services benefit from the efficiency of AI Chatbot Assistants in simplifying legal processes. These chatbots provide basic legal information, guide users through legal procedures, and offer support in understanding legal documentation. This streamlines the legal service workflow, making legal assistance more accessible and user-friendly.

To see a real-life example of an AI chatbot for the legal industry, please [review our case study](https://www.rumblefish.dev/case-studies/ai-chat-assistant/).[![ai-chatbot-development-case-study-rf.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/ai_chatbot_development_case_study_rf_82abc53e6d.png)](https://www.rumblefish.dev/case-studies/ai-chat-assistant/)

## Travel and Hospitality: Bridging Language Gaps Globally

For the travel and hospitality industry, language barriers can be a significant hurdle to global expansion. AI Chatbot Assistants break down these barriers by offering multilingual support. They assist users in various languages, facilitating bookings, providing travel information, and ensuring a seamless experience for travelers worldwide.

### Real-Life Use Case: AI Chatbot in Travel

Gol Airlines, a prominent South American airline, faced challenges in addressing customer inquiries, particularly those related to COVID-19 restrictions. To overcome this, [they introduced Gal](https://www.voegol.com.br/en-us/customer-service/gal-chat), **a virtual assistant providing round-the-clock customer support**. With an impressive 85% retention rate, Gal autonomously handled 90% of 900,000 inquiries. The virtual assistant streamlined interactions, offering passengers increased visibility into important information. This successful implementation showcases Gal's efficiency in addressing customer queries, improving the overall customer experience for Gol Airlines.

## Real Estate: Transforming Lead Generation and Property Searches

In real estate, AI chatbots become invaluable assets for lead generation and customer engagement. These chatbots guide users through property searches, schedule viewings, and offer insights into market trends. By providing personalized interactions and efficient responses, they generate high-quality leads and streamline the property search process.

### Real-Life Use Case: AI Chatbot in Real Estate

[Alan is a friendly AI chatbot from Squirrel](https://www.squirrel.co.nz/mortgage-broker/chatbot), dedicated to helping first home buyers. His main purpose is to **assist users in figuring out how much they can afford to borrow for their first home**. Alongside providing practical information on topics like getting a deposit together and understanding mortgages, Alan adds a touch of humor to brighten users' days. Users can ask him about the latest interest rates, seek guidance on buying a house, or inquire about common mistakes to avoid. Alan is designed for first-time home buyers and learns more with each interaction.

## Finance: Empowering Financial Operations

In the finance sector, AI chatbot assistants play a crucial role in optimizing financial operations by managing routine queries and streamlining processes. These chatbots assist users with financial inquiries, simplify transaction procedures, and offer information about financial policies and services. By automating repetitive tasks, these tools contribute to a more efficient and responsive financial environment.

### Real-Life Use Case: AI Chatbots in Finance

HSBC, in collaboration with Google Cloud's customer engineering team, [developed the Operational Resilience and Risk Application (ORRA)](https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/37662/hsbc-taps-google-cloud-for-call-centre-ai), a chatbot equipped with FAQ and document search capabilities. ORRA is another example of **an AI assistant dedicated to employees rather than end customers**. Powered by Google Cloud Dialogflow, ORRA enables dynamic document searches and engages in natural conversations, offering a cost-efficient solution for large-scale conversational FAQ flows. Accessible to all HSBC employees via the intranet, ORRA addresses queries on internal policies and framework areas throughout the bank. The chatbot combines a knowledge base created with Dialogflow, small talk for a human touch, and an in-house document search function using Natural Language Processing, providing rapid and precise access to information while fostering learning and development.

## Conclusion: A Tailored Approach for Every Industry

In conclusion, the transformative capabilities of **AI chatbot assistants** are tailored to meet the unique needs of diverse industries. Whether it's providing a seamless shopping experience, enhancing patient support, breaking language barriers, generating leads in real estate, simplifying legal processes, or empowering workplace efficiency, these intelligent assistants are proving to be invaluable assets across the business landscape.   
Embrace the industry-specific brilliance of AI chatbot assistants to revolutionize your operations and drive sustained success in your sector [with the help of our AI development team](https://www.rumblefish.dev/services/ai-chat-assistant/).

[![banner-rumble-fish-ai-development.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/banner_rumble_fish_ai_development_30f49780e0.png)](https://www.rumblefish.dev/services/ai-chat-assistant/)

ai-chatbot-development-use-cases.png

In the rapidly evolving digital innovation landscape, AI chatbot assistants are emerging as powerful catalysts for change across various industries. Let's explore how these intelligent assistants revolutionize operations and drive unparalleled benefits in various sectors.

Ai chatbot assistants.png

How AI Chatbot Assistants Transform Businesses - Top 6 Real Use Cases of AI Chatbot Implementation

**The blockchain industry thrives on trustlessness, decentralization, and immutability. These principles are the cornerstones of its rapid growth in recent years. However, like any innovative field, blockchain technology is not without its challenges. One major challenge is the immutability of smart contracts—once deployed, they cannot be changed. But what if a smart contract contains a vulnerability that could lead to funds being lost, or if you simply want to enhance its functionality or optimize gas usage? In this article, I’ll explain the concept of Non-Proxy Upgradeability Pattern.**

##  To be (upgradeable) or not to be?

Trustlessness, decentralization, security. Immutability. The beauty of the blockchain. This is why this cutting-edge technology has been growing so rapidly for the last couple of years and surely there are still a lot of new ideas and concepts waiting to be discovered. But there’s no innovation without mistakes and as always new technologies can suffer from infancy problems. For sure those problems should be solved, but how can they be solved once the code is already deployed and can’t be changed (immutability, right?)? Aren’t smart contracts (self-executing programs) immutable by design? And shouldn’t they be as simple as possible? Yeah, but what if the contract is vulnerable and can lead to funds lost? Shouldn’t a bug be fixed? Or what if we simply want to improve functionality or optimize gas usage?

Welcome to the Blockchain.

##  Clone vs Proxy

So many questions, so few answers? Not really! Fortunately, some Big Brains were also thinking about the Upgradeability Dilemma, and some solutions have already been found and developed. I’m not gonna present and explain all of them, but for context let’s take a look at two: the Proxy Patterns and the Clones. 

###  Proxy Pattern

In this approach, a smart contract acts as a proxy (storage layer) that delegates all calls to another contract with the logic implementation (logic layer). The address of the logic implementation can be changed, enabling upgradability. The typical structure looks like this:

![user-proxy-implementation.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/user_proxy_implementation_a369add49e.jpg)

### Clone Factory Pattern

In this method, each instance of the clone contact has an identical bytecode, so only one instance of the implementation (logic layer) needs to be deployed and all clone instances behave as proxies. This approach, often referred to as the "minimal proxy," is defined in the [EIP-1167 standard](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1167).

Although the Clone Factory Pattern aims to clone contract functionality simply and cost-effectively, it can still raise questions about its "purity" since it relies on a "proxy" pattern.

Hold on, but what’s wrong with that? I assume you know what the gas is and why we need it on the Ethereum blockchain. Notably, the .transfer() and .send() functions, used for ETH transfers, come with a fixed 2300 gas stipend, [which is non-adjustable](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.5.11/units-and-global-variables.html#members-of-address-types).  Furthermore, the delegatecall function, fundamental to proxy patterns, incurs a gas cost of 21,000 (as msg calls in the EVM have an inherent base fee of 21,000 gas, and for proxy cases, delegatecall is treated as a transaction). As a result, if the wallet uses .send() function to send the ETH to the Proxy it is not gonna work!

## Cloning constructor to the rescue!

Alright, so what can we do about this? Ladies and gentlemen, let me introduce the **Non-Proxy Upgradeability Pattern!** This approach enables you to deploy a contract to a specific address and later, if necessary, replace its logic while preserving the contract's state and balance. Here's how it works in a few simple steps:

1.  You need a factory that deploys contracts. This factory **must have a fixed address**, which can be achieved through deterministic deployment, e.g. via Hardhat extensions.
    
2.  The Factory has a method that deploys static bytecode which is **“clone-contract constructor” (CCC)**. This constructor once deployed asks the deployer (msg.sender) about initial parameters via STATICCALL. To deploy the clone the CREATE2 method is used, which means the address depends only on:
    
    1.  the deployer address - and this is a fixed factory address
        
    2.  a random salt 
        

That means the address of the cloned contract depends only on the salt.

3.  The CCC uses EXTCODECOPY to load the contract logic code to the memory and finishes the entire process with RETURN, which points to the freshly cloned code.
    
4.  Call from the Factory contract Init() function to use the calldata (which was passed with STATICCALL from step 2) and initialize the contract-clone. 
    

Magic! **The code was cloned without a proxy pattern!**

Alright, so how can we upgrade the contract code if we don’t have a proxy? To achieve this we need two separate transactions because the contract's balance (as a result of the SELFDESTRUCT) is sent at the end of tx. So here it is:

1.  Clone-contract uses the SELFDESTRUCT opcode to clear all the contract data and sends the factory address as the contract's balance receiver.
    
2.  The factory finishes the upgrade by calling the finalizeUpgrade() function, which copies the new contract implementation the same way as it was done at the creation step 1 and sends all the native coin amounts received in the previous step.
    

And that’s it! 

## OPCODES, slots, and EVM Storage

If you want to learn more, let me show you some code behind the magic explained above.

-   call templateAddress() on msg.sender and store it under storage slot 0x1234
    

{{codeSnippet,OPCODES}}

-   copy contract's code to memory
    

{{codeSnippet,memory}}

-   return and point to the copied code
    

{{codeSnippet,return}}

In Solidity it can be implemented like this:

{{codeSnippet,solidity}}

## Conclusion

**The Non-Proxy Upgradeability Pattern** offers an alternative path to upgrade smart contracts without relying on a proxy pattern. By addressing gas costs and enabling deterministic deployments, it opens up new possibilities for blockchain developers to enhance contract functionality and security. This approach exemplifies the ever-evolving nature of blockchain technology, where challenges lead to innovative solutions.

I really hope this blog post will help those of you struggling with creating upgradeable contracts. If you have any questions or would like to discuss the methodology - drop us a line at hello@rumblefish.dev. In the meantime, stay tuned for more coding stories!

PUSH1 0x80      
RETURNDATASIZE
DUP2
DUP2
PUSH4 0x0c5a6f2f    // sighash of templateAddress()
PUSH1 0xe0
SHL                 	// SHL 224 bits to the left
PUSH1 0x00
MSTORE        		 // MSTORE(0x, 0x0c5a6f2f) - store sighash to use it for STATICCALL

… 

PUSH2 0x1234
SSTORE              	// store templateAddress() value under storage slot 0x1234

copy contract's code to memory
PUSH1 0x00
MLOAD
EXTCODESIZE         // EXTCODESIZE(templateAddress)
DUP1                	// duplicate code size and put on stack for last RETURN 
PUSH1 0x00
DUP1
DUP1
MLOAD
EXTCODECOPY         // EXTCODECOPY


OPCODES

PUSH1 0x00
MLOAD
EXTCODESIZE         // EXTCODESIZE(templateAddress)
DUP1                	// duplicate code size and put on stack for last RETURN 
PUSH1 0x00
DUP1
DUP1
MLOAD
EXTCODECOPY         // EXTCODECOPY


Memory

Return

/**
    * @dev Deploy static bytecode which is "contract-clone constructor"
    * it calls factory to copy a code deployed under templateAddress()
    * @param _salt It's used to determine the final contracts address
    */
   function _deployContractClone(bytes32 _salt) internal returns (address instance) {
       // set template address to be read from templateAddress()
       template = upgradeableContractData[_salt].template;
       assembly {
           let ptr := mload(0x40)
           mstore(ptr, 0x60803d8181630c5a6f2f60e01b600052335afa600051611234556000513b8060)
           mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x008080513c6000f3000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)
           instance := create2(0, ptr, 0x28, _salt)
       }
       require(instance != address(0), "ERC1167: create2 failed");
       upgradeableContractData[_salt].instance = instance;
       template = address(0);
   }


Solidity

blogpost-non-proxy-contracts-img.jpg

The blockchain industry thrives on trustlessness, decentralization, and immutability. These principles are the cornerstones of its rapid growth in recent years. However, like any innovative field, blockchain technology is not without its challenges. One major challenge is the immutability of smart contracts—once deployed, they cannot be changed.

How to make smart contracts upgradeable without Proxy?

Once again we’ve partnered with the Swiss-Polish Blockchain Association to co-organize their annual Beyond Blockchain symposium. The event, this time happening in Warsaw, will take place on September 4th, 2023. The focus of this edition is the role of blockchain and AI in finance, the luxury goods market, and sports and entertainment. Rumble Fish is an official partner of the event.

[Swiss-Polish Blockchain Association](https://swisspolishblockchain.org/), which we are a member of, is known for the high quality of its conferences. The key to success lies in the exquisite lineup of speakers, thought-provoking panel discussions, and excellent networking. 

This year, the emphasis is put on blockchain and AI and its impact on finance, luxury goods, and sports and entertainment. Attendees can also count on lots of regulatory discussions which are always in high demand as we’re facing a big change in lawmakers' attitudes towards crypto and Web3. With 4 discussion panels packed with industry experts and professionals, Beyond Blockchain Annual Symposium is a must-attend event for all blockchain enthusiasts. 

### Rumble Fish at Beyond Blockchain Annual Symposium

Rumble Fish will be proudly represented by our co-founder and CTO, [Marek Kowalski](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marek-kowalski-797a438/), and Head of Growth, [Sylwia Bień-Chudarek](https://www.linkedin.com/in/sylwia-bien-marketing/). Sylwia and Marek will be making an introduction for one of the discussion panels, which Marek will be also joining afterward. The title of the panel is _Beyond the Hype: Blockchain and Digital Technology's Game-Changing Role in Sports and Entertainment._ Marek will be joined by industry experts: Bartosz Błach ([Fortuna 1 Liga](https://1liga.org/)), Mariusz Gąsiewski ([Google](https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariuszgasiewski)), Artur Pszczółkowski ([GG3](https://gg3.xyz/)), Monika Górska ([Wardyński & Partners](https://wardynski.com.pl/en/)), and Paweł Łaskarzewski (Nomad Fulcrum). 

See you in Warsaw!

The tickets are still available [here](https://bit.ly/SPBA-III-symposium).

Full info on the event, including the details agenda is available [here](https://swisspolishblockchain.org/iii-beyond-blockchain-annual-symposium/).

Images_for_blog_posts__1_.jpg

Once again we’ve partnered with the Swiss-Polish Blockchain Association to co-organize their annual Beyond Blockchain symposium. The event, this time happening in Warsaw, will take place on September 4th, 2023. The focus of this edition is the role of blockchain and AI in finance, the luxury goods market, and sports and entertainment. Rumble Fish is an official partner of the event.

Beyond Blockchain Symposium.png

Rumble Fish at Beyond Blockchain Annual Symposium 2023

**Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is disrupting the global financial market in multiple ways. It lets its participants reclaim control of their assets, eliminating the need for intermediaries. By getting rid of traditional financial institutions DeFi allows for more efficient asset management while enabling greater transparency and security. But to actually build a DeFi product that people will love to use is not a piece of cake. Over the last few years, we’ve seen many failed DeFi projects. Today, let’s look at those who overcame the challenges to see what they have in common. Here’s a list of 7 DeFi projects to watch in 2023 and beyond.**

The DeFi space has been rapidly evolving, bringing revolutionary changes to the traditional financial landscape. We’re halfway through 2023, and the **DeFi sector continues to gain momentum**, with new projects emerging and existing ones expanding their offerings. In this blog post, we will explore ten DeFi projects that have shown immense potential and promise to shape the future of finance. Whether you're a DeFi enthusiast or an investor seeking opportunities in this thriving market, keep an eye on these projects as they make waves in 2023 and beyond.

## Top 7 projects to watch in the upcoming future

![compound.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/compound_4f5d9ebe78.png)

Compound website, July 2023

### 1\. [Compound](https://compoundlabs.xyz/) - a permissionless DeFi protocol that allows lenders to learn interest from their crypto assets

**Compound is an Ethereum-based lending protocol** that lets users earn interest on their cryptocurrency holdings. In 2022 one of their projects called Compound Treasury became the first institutional DeFi offering rated by a major credit rating agency (with a B- rating). Compound Treasury is a crypto cash management solution for institutions. According to their materials [_accredited investors can earn 4% on USD and USDC with daily liquidity_](https://medium.com/compound-finance/compound-treasury-sp-credit-rating-897aff3a6f8c)_._ 

![synthetix.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/synthetix_82f615340f.png)

Synthetix website, July 2023

### 2\. [Synthetix](https://synthetix.io/) - a decentralized platform for trading synthetic assets

**What are synthetic assets?** Also known as “synths”, synthetic assets are tokenized representations of real-world assets designed to mimic the price movements of various assets without requiring direct ownership of the underlying resources. In true DAO fashion, Synthetix relies on a decentralized governance model, where their token (SNX) holders have the ability to participate in the decision-making process through on-chain voting.

![stargate.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/stargate_af876b1ec9.png)

Stargate website, July 2023

### 3\. [Stargate](https://stargate.finance/) - making cross-chain liquidity transfers a reality

**Stargate Finance is a well-trusted cross-chain bridge** enabling asset transfers between a variety of Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. Decentralized finance users can swap native assets cross-chain within a single transaction. As an example, users can seamlessly trade USDC on Ethereum for ESDT on the BNB network. Stargate has been very successful so far, gaining a lot of recognition and praise within the industry. It’s definitely worth keeping an eye out for its future endeavors!

![lido.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/lido_931410cf09.png)

Lido website, July 2023

### 4\. [Lido](https://lido.fi/) - a multi-platform staking solution

Introduced in late 2020, **Lido allows its users to access the benefits of staking their crypto assets without fully locking their tokens.** According to [Bitstamp](https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-lido-ldo/), throughout 2022 and into 2023, **approximately 30% of all ETH were staked through Lido**, which returns stETH to users as a liquid token. Lido protocols are governed by the LDO token holders through the Lido DAO. 

![hadouken.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/hadouken_52d2dd3ee5.png)

Hadouken website, July 2023

### 5\. [Hadouken Finance](https://hadouken.finance/) - bringing top class DeFi products to the Nervos ecosystem

**Hadouken is a DEX platform** on Godwoken (which is a Layer 2 of the Nervos blockchain). It offers a whole array of products for portfolio management, trading, lending, and borrowing. They created a multibridge that allows for bringing funds onto Hadouken from Ethereum, Avalanche, BNB, Polygon, Solana, and more. At Rumble FIsh we’re happy of being a part of the Hadouken story, as we were a team responsible for **developing the stablecoin swapping solution.**

![frax.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/frax_1f280c3dbe.png)

Frax website, July 2023

### 6. [Frax Finance](https://frax.finance/) - a DeFi ecosystem for stablecoin trading

The Frax Protocol has been issuing three stablecoins so far - FRAX (pegged to the US dollar), FPI (Frax Price Index, which is the first stablecoin pegged to CPI - a basket of consumer goods), and frxETH (Frax Ether - pegged to ETH). Frax also develops an entire **infrastructure of subprotocols that integrate their stablecoins.** Their FraxSwap for example, is the first AMM with an embedded TWAMM (time-weighted average market maker) which allows for conducting big trades over long periods of time trustlessly. 

![nexus.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/nexus_b93b38fee5.png)

Nexus Mutual website, July 2023

### 7\. [Nexus Mutual](https://nexusmutual.io/) - an insurance alternative for crypto

**Nexus Mutual stands as a pioneering DeFi insurance platform**, positioned as a promising contender in the crypto space's insurance sector. By offering on-chain protection, it caters to investors, safeguarding them against a diverse range of risks.  The platform demonstrates its commitment to security through certified audits conducted by top-tier cybersecurity firms, instilling confidence in the integrity of its smart contracts. Anticipating further growth, the company is actively developing additional products scheduled to launch in 2024. Nexus Mutual’s development is definitely the one to follow!

## Conclusion

From enhancing interoperability to offering secure lending and crypto insurance options, these innovative DeFi companies are shaping the financial landscape of the future. Investors, users, and enthusiasts alike should keep a close eye on these **top 7 DeFi companies** as they continue to make strides in decentralized finance and beyond.

7-defi-projects-to-watch.jpg

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is disrupting the global financial market in multiple ways. It lets its participants reclaim control of their assets, eliminating the need for intermediaries. By getting rid of traditional financial institutions DeFi allows for more efficient asset management while enabling greater transparency and security. Let’s look at those who overcame the challenges to see what they have in common.

7 DeFi projects to watch in 2023 and beyond

**In the early days of blockchain, many thought the technology will be a major threat to the traditional banking industry. But, as the years went by, it became more and more clear that blockchain adoption, rather than a peril, might be a huge opportunity for banks worldwide if applied wisely. Let’s take a closer look at the current state of blockchain technology adoption in traditional banking.** 

The crypto industry started with grand ideas of its users ditching the intermediaries (like traditional banks) when dealing with assets, and switching to decentralized exchanges and wallets. But as events of 2022 showed us, it might not always be the safest idea. Traditional banks for a long time were hesitant to join the crypto bandwagon, but as statistics show us, more and more of them are exploring the possibilities that blockchain brings. 

## The rise of CBDCs

**Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)** is a digital version of the currency issued by the government, that isn’t pegged to any physical commodities. The main difference between CBDCs and cryptocurrencies is that the former is very much centralized - issued and operated by the state. According to [McKinsey’s report,](https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-central-bank-digital-currency-cbdc) there are currently **87 countries actively exploring the concept of CBDC.** 

### The various types of CBDCs

Although it may seem that way, CBDCs aren’t always blockchain-based. There are some projects like [Jamaica’s JAM-DEX](https://blockworks.co/news/in-historic-move-jamaica-makes-cbdc-akin-to-cash) (launched in June of 2022) that do not use a distributed ledger. CBDCs can be issued as stand-alone tokens that are distributed by multiple carriers or held directly at the central bank as account-based assets. They can be fully digital and exist only as a digital book entry, or stored on physical devices (phone wallets, physical cards). 

An example of an account-based model is DCash, which is a CBDC developed by the Easter Caribbean. Its consumers hold deposit accounts with the central bank. The opposite of that is China’s e-CNY which is a pilot project where private banks distribute and maintain CBCDs for their customers. e-CNY was first showcased in 2022, during the Olympics in Beijing where visitors were enabled to make purchases using the currency. 

**What does the rise of CBDCs mean for traditional banking?** Commercial banks need to acquire the necessary skills to efficiently perform KYC procedures and anti-money laundering monitoring for digital currencies. In scenarios where commercial banks issue CBDCs to customers, thereby enabling revenue generation through deposits, these banks will bear the responsibility and associated costs of ensuring KYC compliance. 

The implementation of CBDC has the potential to disrupt the banking industry by reducing the need for intermediaries, enhancing financial inclusion, and increasing competition. 

## Asset tokenization is here to stay

**Asset tokenization** is the process of converting physical or tangible assets into digital tokens that are stored and transacted on a blockchain or distributed ledger. It enables representing the ownership or rights to a certain asset in the form of a digital token stored on a decentralized network. What is great about this concept is the possibility of fractionalizing assets, dividing them into smaller units that can be stored and traded individually. What can be tokenized? The real question is - what can’t be? From expensive wine bottles through real estate to [love](https://decrypt.co/57609/this-professor-is-tokenizing-love-is-he-nuts) (sic). 

### Why banks should look into tokenization

The tokenization process typically involves several steps. First, the asset is identified and evaluated. Then, a digital representation of the asset is created on a blockchain platform, assigning a specific number of tokens to represent the asset's value. These tokens can be fungible or non-fungible, depending on the asset and its characteristics. The benefits of asset tokenization include increased liquidity, fractional ownership, enhanced accessibility, and potential cost savings. By digitizing assets, tokenization eliminates the need for intermediaries, reduces transaction costs, and enables 24/7 trading. It also enables global access to investment opportunities that were previously restricted to certain individuals or institutions. 

**How can traditional banks tap into the benefits tokenization brings?** There are a few examples of how they are doing it now. In 2020, the US financial giant JPMorgan started a project called [Onyx](https://www.jpmorgan.com/onyx/about.htm), which is a blockchain-based platform for wholesale payment transactions. One of its most prominent offerings is Tokenized Collateral Network (TCN) which enables investors to utilize assets as collateral. Another one that taps into tokenization is Onyx Digital Assets which is an asset tokenization system that lets financial institutions, fintechs, and asset managers unlock new utility for their financial resources. Onyx is a perfect example of a very established traditional institution not being afraid of technology, but rather utilizing it for a variety of benefits. 

## Regulators need to catch up

There is a lot of potential in blockchain for banking. But there is a major obstacle that seems to be keeping a lot of financial institutions wary of getting involved. And that obstacle is the law. There aren’t many regulations at hand when it comes to tokenized assets, cryptocurrencies, or blockchain-based financial solutions. Regulators are of course aware that there is a pressing need for clear policy and Europe seems to be at the forefront of making it happen. The EU’s **Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA)** regulation was published in the Official Journal of the EU in early June of this year and will enter into force in the second half of 2024. The document is a regulatory framework for digital assets that use DLT (decentralized ledger technology) and it’s the first and (so far) only legislation of this kind in the world, which makes Europe a very attractive market for crypto-enthusiasts and entrepreneurs. With MiCA published, there is a greater chance of traditional banks getting more into crypto assets.

## Banks have to learn from IT

In order to tap into crypto in the most effective way, banks need to understand the underlying technology of distributed ledgers and the nuances of crypto assets. And the best way to do it is to take advantage of the knowledge and experience of people who’s been doing blockchain projects for years. Training sessions, discovery workshops, and consulting are the way to go. If you work for a traditional bank and need to explore **how blockchain can expand your’s bank offering for it to stay relevant**, don’t hesitate to [contact us](mailto:hello@rumblefish.dev) - we’re here to help.

Images_for_blog_posts.jpg

In the early days of blockchain, many thought the technology will be a major threat to the traditional banking industry. But, as the years went by, it became more and more clear that blockchain adoption, rather than a peril, might be a huge opportunity for banks worldwide if applied wisely. Let’s take a closer look at the current state of blockchain technology adoption in traditional banking.

How blockchain technology is disrupting.png

How blockchain technology is disrupting the banking industry

**We proudly present our newest tool for all Ethereum and Defi developers that want to write better, more effective, and optimized Ethereum smart contracts. EVM Debugger is a tool that will help you become a master in writing smart contracts. And it’s completely free!**

Unexplainable failures of EVM transactions - if you’re a **smart contract developer** it’s safe to assume you’ve suffered at some point. When this happens, you usually open [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/) and try to find where your smart contract went astray. Maybe you can retry your transaction with eth\_call and get a useful message? Or maybe _trace output_ will help you? Imagine having a tool that performs these debugging steps for you and presents you with the most detailed information about logs, state changes, storage updates, gas usage, and most importantly, revert messages for each of the internal transactions! Our **EVM Debugger collects and showcases all the information about a single Ethereum transaction** so you can easily identify its pain points and improve your smart contract writing skills.  

## How does it work?

All you need to start is a transaction hash that you simply paste into the tool, then you choose the network, and click “Process log”. After a couple of minutes, you’ll get a full analysis of the transaction.

![process-logs-evm-debugger.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/process_logs_evm_debugger_4096c0775e.png)

All of the data is organized in a very user-friendly and intuitive way. You get 3 main sections: 

-   **Data Manager**
    

From here you can access source codes (if available), bytecode, and ABIs. 

-   **Transaction Screen**
    

Shows you the trace information (address, status, type, block number, passed gas, gas cost, and value), trace tree, call-specific data, events data, and storage data 

-   **Structlog Explorer**
    

Displays the trace, EVM steps, disassembled bytecode, and step information. 

The visual graph on the transaction screen lets you know how the gas consumption was divided, and which step was the most expensive one. It’s a great tool for optimizing your future smart codes.

![transaction-screen.JPG](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/transaction_screen_04d35a0ec5.JPG)

## Why should you use it?

**EVM Debugger** is a unique and free solution designed specifically for EVM and Defi developers. It makes **EVM smart contract** analysis easy and user-friendly, providing developers with detailed information about transactions in one simple step. With EVM Debugger, you can smoothly access all the details regarding a single Ethereum transaction, making it the only debugger you’ll need.

With **EVM Debugger** you’ll be able to **easily find errors in your smart contracts** as well as optimize them for lower gas usage. It’s also a great learning tool for less seasoned Defi developers as it gives a lot of insights into how EVM works at its most basic level. 

The tool currently supports networks such as [Ethereum](https://ethereum.org/), [Goerli](https://goerli.net/), [Polygon](https://polygon.technology/), [Mumbai](https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/mumbai-testnet), and [Sepolia](https://sepolia.dev/), with more on the way. Our team is constantly improving the Debugger, adding new features, and collecting feedback from its users. **EVM Debugger** is a completely free solution, made for developers by developers. To try it, please visit [http://rumblefish.dev/evm-debugger/](http://rumblefish.dev/evm-debugger/). 

![rumble-fish-presents-evm-debugger-tool.jpg](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/rumble_fish_presents_evm_debugger_tool_99e3087335.jpg)

## Why did we create it?

At Rumble Fish, we constantly expand our blockchain and Defi knowledge, but we do not gatekeep it. We like to share it with broader communities as we believe in the power of open-source projects and the importance of knowledge sharing. That’s why, as blockchain pros, **we decided to make EVM Debugger free for everyone.** For the same reason, we created another tool called [**KMS Signer**](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@rumblefishdev/eth-signer-kms) that derives addresses and signs transactions using the AWS KMS (Key Management Service) solution. Stay tuned for our future projects!

{{blogPost,Privatizing the private key in blockchain development with KMS Provider}}

## The problem of the (not so) private key

Every collaborative development venture sooner or later faces the problem of effective, convenient, and secure key management. It gets even worse when it comes to blockchain projects, where the private key used to deploy smart contracts on production holds $$$ worth of ether and usually has the power to govern contracts. To keep the private key safe, a stakeholder would need to run production-related operations by himself. That’s the theory.

In practice, however, things look different. For many reasons, the stakeholder may not be - and usually isn’t - responsible for deploying, upgrading, or maintaining the code on production, so he entrusts the private key to another person, making it not so private anymore. Devs will ask this person to perform various operations on production by explaining what to do step by step or by providing scripts that require the private key to execute. I can think of many things that can possibly go wrong with this approach:

-   A person entrusted with the key leaves the project and the key needs to be shared with his successor which may not be so trustworthy,
    
-   The script given by a dev has malicious code that steals the private key, 
    
-   A person is overwhelmed with devs requests and makes a mistake during an upgrade,
    
-   A person loses the key...
    

And so on.

This sounds scary but due to lack of better tooling, this ‘methodology’ is widely used across Defi projects. What can we do about it?

## KMS to the rescue

One of the most popular ways to deal with secrets in IT is to use “secret as a service” solutions like AWS Key Management Service which makes collaboration effective and secure. Using this service an AWS user can generate a new key and set which IAM users/roles can use it for signing. Most importantly, keys are generated by AWS and there is no way to export them. IAM users can be given access to use the key for signing without learning the underlying private key. In a sense, this workflow is similar to using a hardware wallet, but instead of using physical Ledger Nano, the developer requests that KMS generates a signature.

When a new team member needs to perform a deployment, they receive an appropriate IAM role and gets access to needed secrets. If a member leaves the team, the IAM role is revoked and there is no risk of disclosure. Using this workflow, the stakeholder of the project remains in control of the private key and can assign and revoke access to it when needed.

## Using KMS in practice

It takes a bit of work to hook KMS and web3 providers together. Since we’re using this approach in Rumblefish across many projects, we’ve decided to open-source the tools we’re using and “pay it forward”. 

We’ve created two packages:

-   [https://github.com/rumblefishdev/eth-signer-kms](https://github.com/rumblefishdev/eth-signer-kms) is a package that you should use when using web3 or ethers contracts.
    
-   [https://github.com/rumblefishdev/hardhat-kms-signer](https://github.com/rumblefishdev/hardhat-kms-signer) allows deploying contracts using the HardHat development environment and hardhat-deploy plugin. 
    

In order to create a new Ethereum account, the user needs to create a KMS key. When doing this in the AWS console, this is the correct way to configure the key:

![marek_obrazek.png](https://strapi-uploads.rumblefish.dev/marek_obrazek_a3cdaa6eb6.png)

The key needs to be:

-   Key type: Asymmetric
    
-   Key usage: Sign and Verify
    
-   Key spec: ECC\_SECG\_P256K1
    

The next step would be to learn the address of the account that you’ve just created. It’s derived from the public key of the key, but the transition is a tad complicated. 

We usually do it by configuring the provider using one of the packages above and performing the \`eth\_accounts\` call. 

For example, when using a hardhat you can do:

{{codeSnippet,Privatizing the private key in blockchain development with KMS Provider}}

Alternatively using the regular web3 provider:

{{codeSnippet,KMS provider learn address}}

For more details of the setup please refer to the Readme of the provider package you’re using.

Once you know your Ethereum address you can send some ETH to it and you’re all set to start using it for deployments and/or sending transactions.

$ hardhat console --network ropsten
Creating Typechain artifacts in directory types for target ethers-v5
Successfully generated Typechain artifacts!
Welcome to Node.js v12.22.6.
> getNamedAccounts().then(console.log)
Promise { <pending> }
> { deployer: '0x541dD0eC22fB1213d2C2B1fc83B5F302cEFF79A2' }


Privatizing the private key in blockchain development with KMS Provider

const { KMSProvider } = require('@rumblefishdev/eth-signer-kms')

const provider = new KMSProvider({
  providerOrUrl: `https://ropsten.infura.io/v3/${yourInfuraKey}`,
  keyId: yourKmsKeyId,
})
provider.getAddress().then(console.log)

KMS provider learn address

LinkedIn_Post__11_.png

image.png

Every collaborative development venture sooner or later faces the problem of effective, convenient, and secure key management. It gets even worse when it comes to blockchain projects, where the private key used to deploy smart contracts on production holds $$$ worth of ether and usually has the power to govern contracts.

header-for-blog-evm-debugger.png

We proudly present our newest tool for all Ethereum and Defi developers that want to write better, more effective, and optimized Ethereum smart contracts. EVM Debugger is a tool that will help you become a master in writing smart contracts. And it’s completely free!

EVM Debugger post.png

Rumble Fish presents EVM Debugger - the ultimate tool for Defi developers

##### an interview with the development team

**Today, we talk with part of the team working with Revelator, one of our awesome customers, to understand the struggles, challenges, and joys of building a blockchain and cloud-based system that helps record labels, distributors, and music publishers manage their catalogs and assets.** 

##### **Marek, you played a crucial role in this project, being a technical team leader and an advisor for the entire team. What’s your way of approaching those kinds of tasks?**

\[Marek\]: The first step towards a successful outcome is to ensure that you understand exactly what your customer needs. They might not describe it in technical jargon or be very specific at first, but after working with customers for as long as I have, you certainly get a grasp of how to communicate well. So, the first step is to understand the vision and then translate them into technical specifications. Also, at Rumble Fish when we commence a new project we like to bring added value by proposing new features, introducing tools that might perform better than the ones our customers are used to, and generally by being a partner, not just a software vendor. 

##### **What were the key objectives and requirements of the development process with Revelator?**

\[Marek\]: Revelator’s team was looking for an IT partner to help them enhance their Web3 features. They needed a dedicated NFT tool and blockchain royalty payments mechanism. They also knew that they didn’t want to be dependent on just one chain, so we had to refactor their backend to be compatible with multiple EVM blockchains - at this point, users can choose between Binance, Polygon, and Ethereum Mainnet, and we’re working to onboard more.

As for the NFT feature, the concept behind it was to enable record labels and music distributors to easily create NFTs to enhance fan engagement and introduce an additional revenue stream for music creators. So we wrote a set of smart contracts working together that transformed the digital art pieces into NFTs, listed them in the marketplace, and managed the process of purchasing them. 

##### **Were there any significant challenges or obstacles you encountered during the project? If so, how did the team overcome them?**

\[Marek\]: When we first started, the codebase was a big monolithic API that we knew wouldn’t be able to perform on a bigger scale. What we had to do first, was to switch to microservice architecture and implement industry standards like AWS Lambdas, Subgraph, or separate different environments. It was quite a bit of work, but it paid off. Now the system is reliable, safe, and scalable.

Another challenge was the issue of encouraging traditional Web2 users, not familiar with crypto and without crypto wallets, to also sell/buy and manage the NFTs. To tackle this issue our team created Smart Wallet. It’s a really cool piece of software that enables non-crypto folks to take full advantage of Revelator’s Web3 features. In [our case study](https://www.rumblefish.dev/case-studies/revelator/), we describe how it works in more detail.

{{linkImage,Revelator Case Study}}

##### **Kuba, can you provide an overview of the project and your specific role in it?**

\[Kuba\]: As Marek mentioned, it was a very broad and complex set of microservices, integrated with the blockchain layer. I was responsible for various backend tasks, focused on microservices, cloud, and blockchain integration. As a team, we had to separate multiple parts of a monolith and create proper communication between microservices, Web2, and Web3 parts. In order to do so we came up with a few unique and highly scalable ideas. One of them, called "Operator Wallets" makes it possible for operators like Spotify or YouTube to perform transactions on a blockchain without owning a crypto wallet. That makes the whole system more accessible and UX-friendly for potential clients. It’s a great solution, which we’re very proud of. The team and I created a swift, safe, and transparent system in which the microservices combined with other AWS cloud tools and smart contracts work seamlessly and are integrated with all the best practices in mind.

Square_LinkedIn_and_Facebook_posts__14_.png

Revelator Case Study

Images_for_blog_posts_1_.jpg

an interview with the development team

**Today, we talk with part of the team working with Revelator, one of our awesome customers, to understand the struggles, challenges, and joys of building a blockchain and cloud-based system that helps record labels, distributors, and music publishers manage their catalogs and assets.**

How to optimize your digital product? 5 UX design tips to try out!